体制内就业的职业代际流动:家庭背景与学历

文章采用中国居民收入调查（CHIP）2013年城镇住户数据,综合使用Probit和倾向得分匹配法,分析家庭背景对劳动者体制内单位求职的影响。研究发现,家庭背景会显著影响劳动者进入体制内就业的机会,父母双方均在体制内就业的劳动者更可能进入体制内就业,父母均不在体制内就业则更难进入体制内就业;且在男性、女性、高学历和低学历群体中,家庭背景对劳动者进入体制内就业机会的影响都存在。同时,与低学历群体相比,高学历劳动者进入体制内单位就业机会受家庭背景的影响更小,即学历在家庭背景对劳动者就业机会的影响中发挥了一定的替代作用。不断提升体制内单位就业招聘机制的实质性公平及推进高等教育的公平发展,对实现劳动者公平就业具有重要作用。

Professional Intergenerational Mobility in Entering State-owned Departments: Family Background and Education

With the data of Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP) in 2013, this paper both uses the Binary probit regression model and the Propensity Score Matching model to estimate the influences of the family background on entering State-owned departments. The results show that family background will significantly affect the workers to enter State-owned departments. In other words, assuming that other conditions remain unchanged, compared with those Laborers whose one parent (either father or mother) is employed in State-owned departments, Laborers whose parents both are employed in State-owned departments are more likely to enter these departments, but Laborers whose parents are neither employed in State-owned departments are even more difficult to enter these departments. Furthermore, considering the impact of family background on employment opportunities forLaborers, there may be heterogeneity among different groups of Laborers. The paper uses the Propensity Score Matching model to study all Laborers sample, male Laborers sample, female Laborers sample, high-educated Laborers sample and low-educated Laborers sample. It finds that the impact of family background on employment opportunities for workers entering State-owned departments exists in the male Laborers, female Laborers, highly educated Laborers and under-educated Laborers groups. Meanwhile, both male Laborers and female Laborers are more difficult to enter State-owned departments if their parents are neither employed in State-owned departments, but compared with female Laborers with the same family background, male Laborers whose parents both are employed in State-owned departments are more likely to entering State-owned departments. In addition, the more meaningful research finding is that, compared with the low-educated Laborers with the same family background, highly educated Laborers' employment opportunities of entering State-owned departments are less affected by the family background. That means education plays a certain substitute role in the influence of the effects of the family background on entering State-owned departments. Based on the above researchfindings, to improve the fairness of employment opportunities for Laborers and break the systemic shortcomings that hinder the social mobility of Laborers, this paper proposes the following two suggestions to ensure that everyone has the opportunity to achieve their own development through hard work as much as possible. On the one hand, it is necessary to further adjust and improve the employment recruitment mechanism of the units in State-owned departments. Specifically, we can not only promote and deepen the examination and selection mechanism in government agencies, institutions and state-owned enterprises, but also strengthen supervision over the examination and selection process of government agencies, institutions and state-owned enterprises, in order to enhance the fairness of employment opportunities for Laborers and enable Laborers who are suitable for working in State-owned departments to enter them. On the other hand, it is important to continue to support and promote the project of higher education. We should not only awaken the awareness of achieving ordinary higher education for adolescents, especially those with relatively weak family background, but also reduce the cost of college education in multiple ways, so that they can make up for the shortage of family background by cultivating their own human capital advantages to obtain better employment opportunities.