论美国食品药品规制中的严格刑事责任及其借鉴

1906年的《联邦食品和药品法》以及1938年的《联邦食品、药品和化妆品法》均以成文法的形式省略了轻罪成立条件中的犯罪心理要件,联邦最高法院在1943年的托特维茨案中首次确认了国会的这种立法意图,认为食品、药品是大众生活和健康的条件,企业管理者必须承担最高的注意义务,因而在定罪量刑中可以省略犯罪心理的证明,由此建立了食品药品规制的严格刑事责任理论。1976年的帕克案则进一步完善了该理论。进入21世纪后,食品药品严格刑事责任的适用呈现出扩大和加强的趋势,在遏制了食品药品安全犯罪方面发挥了巨大的作用。借鉴美国的实践经验,我国刑法在坚持主客观相统一的犯罪构成理论的提前下,可以在食品药品安全犯罪规定中引入过错推定规则,实现对人民生活、健康的特别保护。

On strict criminal liability and its reference in American food and medicine regulation

Federal Food and Drug Act 1906 and Federal Food,Drug and Cosmetic Act 1938 provide that the prosecution can dispense with the mens rea for criminal conduct.In United States v.Totterweich（1943）,basing on the awareness of food and drug as the condition of the public life and health,federal supreme court initially confirmed such legislative intent,believing that corporate officers should burden the highest standard care and criminalization can deviate from the conventional requirement,thereby the theory of strict criminal responsibility was established.It was further perfect by the decision of United States v.Park（1975）.In the 21 century,judicial application of the strict criminal liability has taken on the trend of extending and fortification and played a great role in curbing crimes against the safe of food and drug.Learning from American experience,given the criminal constituent theory of the combination of subjective and objective continue to be held by our country＇s criminal law,we can apply the rule of presumptive fault to regulation of food and drug so as to provide the special protection to the public life and health.