哈萨克斯坦《天然气和天然气供应法》及其影响

2012年1月,哈萨克斯坦出台了《天然气和天然气供应法》,目的是保障本国的能源安全和生态安全,优先向哈萨克斯坦国内市场供应商品气和液化石油气,并为进一步有效利用石油伴生气创造条件.该法规定国家对拟转让天然气供应体系设施以及原料气和商品气拥有优先购买权；国家对于商品气、液化石油气和液化天然气的运输、储存、销售和计量进行管制.优先购买权限制了哈萨克斯坦矿产资源使用者的自主经营权.哈萨克斯坦政府欲从所有权的角度全面支配哈矿产资源使用者开采的伴生气,后者能否继续根据石油合同以“所有人”的身份支配所开采的伴生气及其加工产品,存在不确定性.该法将对哈萨克斯坦天然气生产和出口产生重要影响,并可能影响哈萨克斯坦通过中亚天然气管道向中国输气.哈政府应寻找矿产资源使用者与国家利益的平衡点,制定合理的天然气供应政策和定价机制,以实现二者利益的双赢.

The purpose and effect of "The Natural Gas and Natural Gas Supply Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan"

In January 2012,the Republic of Kazakhstan issued The Natural Gas and Natural Gas Supply Law.The purpose of the aforesaid law is to assure the country’ s energy security and protection of the country’ s ecology,priority of supply of commodity gas and liquefied petroleum gas to the domestic market,and increase the availability of petroleum and associated gas.The Law stipulates that the government has the right of first refusal to establish natural gas supply transportation facilities,as well as provide crude gas and commodity gas.The government is empowered to control the transportation,storage,sales and measurement of commodity gas,liquified petroleum gas and liquified natural gas.The right of first refusal puts a limitation on the management rights of mineral resource users in the Republic of Kazakhstan.Given the Kazakhstan government’ s determination from the perspective of the ownership of natural gas to control mineral resource users’ exploitation of natural gas,there exists uncertainty about whether mineral resource users can continue to extract associated gas and produce its processed products as "owner" on the basis of petroleum contracts.The Law shall have an important impact on Kazakhstan’ s natural gas production and exports,and may affect shipment of Kazakhstan’ s natural gas to China through the Central Asia natural gas pipeline.The Kazakhstan government should look for a balance between the interest of mineral resource users and the national interest,to develop reasonable natural gas supply policies and pricing mechanisms and achieve a win-win situation.