游客对国家公园功能的认知及其实现路径——以武夷山国家公园为例

中国国家公园体制以“生态保护第一、国家代表性、全民公益性”为核心理念,通过游憩功能体现其公共资源属性,促进全民公益性目标实现,是确保国家公园生态保护成效的基本要求。为寻求实现国家公园功能的路径,本文基于问卷调查,考察游客对武夷山国家公园功能的认知、对游憩服务的期待以及参与国家公园保护的态度。研究表明,游客看重与其切身利益密切相关的游憩和环境教育等功能,但在空间认知上割裂了保护和利用在国家公园内的统一性;游客关注国家公园在游憩机会上的多样化和创新性,关注点受到年龄、职业、收入、教育程度等人口统计学因素影响;游客的生态保护参与意愿普遍较强,但对保护对象并无具体认知。因此,国家公园游憩功能的发展需要从前端导入国家公园概念、功能和管理目标等公益性的基础理念,既需要根据游客多样性需求完善服务,也需要引导游客了解公园区域定位和内部功能分区。研究指出,国家公园需要在增强游客对其功能公益性理解的基础上,探索自然保护地旅游发展的新范式,从而改善游憩体验,促进游客更好地参与生态保护。

The perception of national park functions among tourists and the paths to improve services:A case study of Wuyishan National Park

The Chinese government has strengthened “ecological protection, national representation, and universal public welfare” as the ideology of tourists’ understanding national parks. Making full use of the protected areas as public resources through tourism and recreation to promote public welfare is a basic requirement to reinforce ecological conservation outcomes. This research detected the perception among tourists towards the functions of the Wuyishan National Park, the expectation of tourism and recreational services, and the attitude of the public to be involved in ecological conservation. By interviewing individual tourists through questionnaires, we found that tourists paid great attention to functions that have a direct impact on themselves such as recreation and environmental education. However, functions relating to the functional zoning in the national park and regional development through national park planning are not clear. Tourists required diverse and innovative ways of enjoying nature whose choices are influenced by socio-demographic factors including age, career, income, education, etc. Most of the tourists showed a willingness to support ecological conservation in different ways although lacking ecological conservation information is a barrier at the moment. The results indicated that the national park should meet the diversified demand of tourists by designing programmes considering multiple dimensions including intensity, science, and safety. However, to facilitate the active participation of tourists in ecological conservation, national parks should also inform tourists of the multiple functions of national parks, their geographical importance, and zoning as the management bases for public welfare. Thus, a new paradigm of tourism and recreation based on tourists’ understanding of national parks’ public welfare orientation is necessary, which may encourage tourists to participate in ecological conservation as well as improve their tourism and recreational experience.