“三权分置”下宅基地资格权实现的法治保障

目的]文章通过对我国宅基地“三权分置”中宅基地资格权实现困境的分析,提出合理完善建议,实现对资格权实现的法治保障,推进宅基地“三权分置”改革的深入发展。方法]实证分析法、政策内容分析法、文献分析法、逻辑分析法。结果]我国的现行立法尚未对宅基地资格权的内涵以及制度构造做出明确规定,宅基地资格权的性质目前还存在关于“分配请求权说”“用益物权说”“剩余权说”“成员权说”的争议,宅基地资格权的主要权能也并不清晰。同时,现阶段宅基地资格权在实现上存在主体认定不明确、登记制度不健全、行使制度不具体、救济制度不完善等现实困境。结论]基于对宅基地资格权来源和宅基地改革政策目标的分析,应将其界定为成员权。通过对试点地区实践经验的总结,建议将宅基地资格权主体认定为“集体成员”,采用“三权三证”模式进行确权登记,明确资格权的分配请求权、成员获益权、管理参与权、退出补偿权4种主要权能,探究资格权多元化的救济途径,切实保障农民的宅基地合法权益,全面推进乡村振兴。

LEGAL GUARANTEE FOR THE REALIZATION OF THE QUALIFICATION RIGHT OF HOMESTEAD UNDER THE "SEPARATION OF THREE RIGHTS"

Through the analysis of the dilemma in the realization of homestead qualification rights in the " separation of three rights" in China, this paper puts forward reasonable improvement suggestions, realizes the legal guarantee of the realization of the qualification right, and promotes the in-depth development of the reform of the "separation of three rights" of the homestead. Empirical analysis, policy content analysis, literature analysis and logical analysis was used in this research. China''s current legislation had not made clear provisions on the connotation and system structure of homestead qualification right. And there were still disputes about the nature of homestead qualification right, such as "distribution claim right", "usufructuary right", "residual right" and "member right", and the main functions of homestead qualification right were not clear. At the same time, there were some practical difficulties in the realization of homestead qualification right at this stage, such as unclear subject identification, imperfect registration system, unspecified exercise system, imperfect relief system and so on. Therefore, based on the analysis of the source of homestead qualification right and the policy objectives of homestead reform, it should be defined as membership right. Through the summary of the practical experience in the pilot area, it is suggested to identify the subject of homestead qualification right as "collective members", adopt the "three rights and three certificates" mode for confirmation registration, clarify the four main rights of qualification right: distribution claim right, member benefit right, management participation right and withdrawal compensation right, explore the diversified relief ways of qualification right, effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of farmers'' homestead and comprehensively promote rural revitalization.