中国农耕土地开发利用历程及其启示

中国农耕土地开发利用有着悠久的历史。文章回顾了从旧石器时代到1949年前我国农耕土地开发利用历程、阐述了1949年以来农耕土地开发利用现状及存在问题,并在此基础上提出耕地可持续开发利用的对策。农耕土地开发利用历程是一个从土地的外延开发利用到内涵开发利用,从平面利用到立体利用逐步深化的过程,且1949年前的农耕土地利用开发具有地域分布不均衡、经常以军事活动为先导、开发形式复杂多样、开发中实行综合利用等特点。新中国成立以来,随着国民经济建设的全面开展,以空前的规模开垦荒地和开展土地改良,使耕地面积不断扩大、质量有所提升,农耕土地开发利用取得明显成效。但综合考虑现有耕地数量、质量、生态状况和发展用地需求等因素,仍面临着后备资源不足、质量总体不高、退化现象严重、减少趋势还将继续等严峻形势。以史为鉴,切实保护耕地、加强农耕土地综合整治、促进集约节约用地,构建生态良好、可持续的农耕土地利用格局是未来的方向。

THE PROGRESS AND INSPIRATION OF AGRICULTURAL LAND DEVELOPMENT AND UTILIZATION IN CHINA

Agricultural land development and utilization in China has a long history. This study reviewed Chinese agricultural land development and utilization process from the Paleolithic to 1949, expounded the current situation and existing problems of agricultural land development and utilization after 1949, and put forward countermeasures for agricultural land sustainable utilization. The results showed that the process of the agricultural land development and utilization gradually deepened from extension to intension and from plane to three-dimension. The agricultural land development and utilization had the characteristics from the Paleolithic to 1949 including uneven geographical distribution, often leading with military activities, complex and diverse development pattern, the comprehensive development and utilization ideal etc. With the overall development of national economic construction, the arable area was expanded and the quality was improved along with scale land reclamation and land improvement. However, considered the quantity of arable land, the quality, the ecological situation, the development demand for arable land and other factors, the agricultural land development and utilization of China was still facing the severe situations, such as deficiency of reserve resources, not high arable land quality, severe degradation, reduction trend etc. Finally, it suggested to protect farmland effectively, to strengthen the comprehensive improvement of agricultural land, to promote intensive land use, and to build a better ecological and sustainable agricultural land use pattern.