“后学院”语境下科学家角色分化及社会影响

在后学院科学时代，科学研究更加普遍地与产业界、政府部门相结合，科学种类和性质变得日益庞杂，原有的学院科学家角色逐渐发生分化，形成了学院科学家、产业科学家和政府科学家等多元角色并存及相互转化的发展态势。深入探讨“后学院”语境下科学家角色分化趋势、动因及社会影响，有助于更好地理解新兴技术时代科技与社会的深度互动，为进一步优化科技治理、推进创新体系建设提供理论参考。

The Differentiation of Scientists' Role in the Era of Post-academic Science

As a specialized and professional social role, scientists gradually appeared with the birth of modern science, and became mature and stable in the late 19th century. Scientists have not only made outstanding contributions to the promotion of knowledge and the dissemination of science, but also benefited the society with knowledge, and greatly promoted the development of human society. Since the middle and late 20th century, with the acceleration of the process of science and technology socialization, new trends and characteristics have emerged in the evolution of scientists' professional roles. Academic scientists have continuously differentiated into industrial and government departments, forming a general situation of coexistence and mutual transformation of multiple roles such as academic scientists, industry scientists and government scientists, which has greatly promoted the integration of industry, university and research and has improved the level of S&T innovation and social benefits. Based on the overall trend of the evolution of scientists' roles, the roles of scientists in the post-academic science era show a state of differentiation, transformation and intersection.#br#This paper argues that further study of the trend, motivation and social impact of the role differentiation of scientists in the context of the post-academic science can help us better understand the deep interaction between science and technology and society in the new technology era and provide valuable theoretical reference for further optimizing scientific and technological governance and promoting the construction of innovation system. It is pointed out in the paper that academic scientists nor only carry out basic research, but also rapid applied research and apply for patents under the pressure of competition and efficiency; industry scientists are mainly application-driven, and they can also be regarded as pioneers in basic research; government scientists are mainly funded by the government to research on public goods, but with the increase of government financial pressure, more and more government scientists seek financial support from other resources besides the government. The external driving force of social demand and the internal appeal of the scientific community are the fundamental reasons for the differentiation of scientists' roles. The sense of achievement and responsibility of scientists is an internal driving force to promote the expansion and differentiation of scientists' roles, and it is also the value basis of scientific sustainability.#br#This paper points out that the role differentiation of scientists in the background of post-academic science is the reasonable development of the logic of integration of science, technology and society, and scientists show a variety of differences and complexity in research types, dynamic mechanisms and achievement forms, which not only has a positive impact on society, but also brings many problems and challenges. Regarding the development advantages, it has accelerated the integration of science and society and made science better serve the public. Moreover it breaks through the linear model of the dichotomy between basic research and applied research, and greatly improves the efficiency and level of scientific and technological innovation. Thus it has promoted the interaction between science and politics and improved the level of science serving public utilities. Meanwhile in order to meet the challenges and make innovation better serve the public,we should promote the internal unity of scientific order and ethical order, keep the sound development of scientific community, maintain a balance between enterprise interests and social welfare, so as to build an organic boundary between science and politics, promote different types of scientific research and make scientists' roles develop and interact coordinately.#br#This paper emphasizes that it is of great significance to promote the construction of scientific and technological innovation system by correctly understanding the differentiation trend of scientists' roles and actively promoting the interactive cooperation and coordinated development of different scientific types andscientists' roles. The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China stressed that scientific and technological innovation is the first driving force leading development, and a market-orientated scientific and technological innovation system with enterprises as the main body and deep integration of industry, university and research should be established. We are riding a new wave of scientific and technological revolution. In order to better grasp this strategic opportunity, we should carry out continuous dynamic observation and ethical examination on the differentiation of scientists' roles to further promote the coordinated interaction between scientific activities and social development.#br#