高校科技成果转化现实障碍及其破解机制

高校科技成果转化率低的现实早已引起社会各界警觉，但理论研究和实践探索都将权属改革视为破解圭臬，并未实现预期目标。事实上，高校科技成果转化的真正障碍是专利技术水平和转化价值低、专业转化人才与机构缺失、中试环节薄弱且资金匮乏。因此，为了针对高校成果转化痛点精准施策，释放创新驱动效能，我国应改革专利管理体制和科研评价机制，提升专利质量并加大科学研究对企业需求的关照；可借鉴牛津大学的做法，由高校在不增加编制的前提下，独资建立自负盈亏的专业转化服务公司；优化科研经费投入结构，引导多元风险资金进入，健全科技成果转化风险投资机制。

The Realistic Obstacles of the Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements in Universities and Its Cracking Mechanism

Universities are important frontier scientific research centers and scientific and technological innovation bases in China, and they have produced abundant research achievements. The low transformation rate of scientific and technological achievements in universities is also a major problem that has existed for a long time in China but has not been well solved, which has aroused great concerns of all social fields. By reviewing relevant literature, it can be found that the existing research focuses on the success of the Bayh-Dole Act reform only on the ownership of property rights, and directly attributes the improvement of the transformation rate of American universities to the ownership rules established by the Bayh-Dole Act, regard the patent ownership reform of scientific and technological achievements as a panacea to be out of the transformation dilemma, and continue to make great contributions to the ownership reform with the help of the theory of property rights, and suggest that researchers should be fully empowered to stimulate their enthusiasm to participate in the transformation, especially the "mixed ownership" reform developed by Southwest Jiaotong University. In addition, the research results of academia have also been successfully extended and penetrated into practical operations, and relevant practical explorations have been actively carried out across the country, which have been recognized on the national level to some extent.#br#　However, existing studies have shown that the current popular "mixed ownership" reform has no significant positive effect on patent increment, quality and transformation, and its legitimacy is questionable. On the contrary, the empirical studies show that the innovation output of universities will not continue to grow with the increase of incentives. According to the rule of "diminishing marginal utility" of incentives, when the incentives reach a certain level, there is little effect on the output and transformation of scientific and technological achievements by continuing to increase the incentives . At present,the Law of the People's Republic of China on Promoting the Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements stipulates that the ratio of rewards and remunerations for scientific researchers shall not be less than 50%, which has reached the critical point of significant growth in the transformation of achievements. In other words,it cannot really promote the transformation and application of scientific and technological achievements by merely increasing the enthusiasm of scientific researchers for transformation through ownership reform.#br#In order to fully understand the actual obstacles causing the difficulty in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements and solve the problems, this paper puts aside the academic community's enthusiasm for the reform of ownership, adopts the methods of theoretical deduction, process analysis and official empirical research data to dig out the main obstacles in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in universities. First, the patent technology level and transformation value are low, which seriously restricts the technology transfer from the supply side of the results to the market demand side. Second, there is a shortage of professional transformation talents and institutions, and the value-added service capacity of achievement transformation intermediaries urgently needs to be strengthened. Third, the pilot test link is weak and lack of funds, so the "valley of death" of achievement transformation is difficult to cross. In order to address the pain points of university achievement transformation and release the innovation-driven efficiency, this paper proposes that China should reform the patent management system and scientific research evaluation mechanism, improve patent quality and increase the attention of scientific research to enterprise needs. By drawing on the experience of the University of Oxford, it is suggested that a university, on the premise of not increasing the number of staff, should establish a professional transformation service company for its own profits and losses, cultivate professional personnel, and give full play to the "adhesive" role of intermediary service agencies. At the same time, by optimizing the investment structure of scientific research funds and perfecting the risk investment mechanism of the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in China, the "valley of death" in the pilot stage of the transformation of scientific and technological achievements can be overcome.#br#　This paper provides a new perspective and logical analysis route on how to solve the problems of scientific and technological achievements in colleges and universities. It is of great significance for China to accurately grasp the sore points of the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in colleges and universities, speed up the transformation and application of scientific and technological achievements into real productive forces and make a powerful engine for the construction of a strong intellectual property country.#br#