产品内国际分工与中国获取的价值——基于零部件进出口的分析

中国巨大的贸易顺差引致贸易伙伴的诘难,国内外学者的实证分析却表明中国从产品内国际分工与贸易中获取的国内价值增值非常有限。产品内国际分工与贸易主要表现为零部件等中间产品的进出口,这一特征在机械运输设备和自动数据处理产业表现得尤其明显。通过计算1994—2007年零部件进出口的单位价值比率,发现中国出口零部件的单位价值远远低于相同编码进口零部件的单位价值。这意味着中国在进口大量高价值零部件从事终端产品低附加值出口加工的同时,也在制造并大量出口低价值零部件。中国激增的贸易顺差是产品内国际分工的副产品,掩盖了产品价值真实的国际分配。中国要成为真正的制造业强国并获得更大的国际分工利益,必须从提高国产零部件的价值开始。

Intra-product Specialization and China's Gains:From the Aspect of Trade in Parts and Components

China’s large trade surplus has aroused numerous trade disputes with its partners.Analysis of scholars both at home and abroad show that China has gained a marginal domestic added value from intra-product specialization and trade.Because trade in parts and components is the dominant form of intra-product international trade,this article calculates the unit price ratio of China’s import and export of parts and components with data of 1994-2007.The result shows that exported parts and components are far cheaper than imported ones,which means that China not only imports large amounts of high value parts and components for processing but also produces and exports large amounts of low value ones.The article concludes that China,in a passive position of adaptation to the latest evolution of international division of labor,should enhance and capture more value from its trade in parts and components.