反食物浪费政策的落地：国际经验与本土实践

目的]粮食安全战略是国家安全战略的重要组成部分，粮食浪费是危害我国粮食安全的重要因素，为保障粮食安全，减少粮食浪费尤为重要。方法]文章从法律法规、政策措施、运行机制三方面系统梳理了美国和法国减少食物浪费的经验做法。结果]在法律法规方面，美国的法律法规强调引导激励作用；法国的法律法规双管齐下，兼顾引导激励和处罚遏制。在政策措施方面，美国构建了差异化食物回收等级体系、通过投资教育等方式助力反食物浪费；法国更注重发挥社会各界的力量，引导社会力量进行自我管理和反食物浪费。在运行机制方面，美国和法国均通过多部门协作、多领域减少食物浪费，但在非政府组织的参与程度上，美国非政府组织的参与程度明显高于法国。结论]参考他国经验，基于本国国情，建议：制定法律政策的实施细则，兼顾引导激励和处罚遏制；建立多层次的食物回收等级体系，提升食物回收再利用的效率；加强各部门间的协作，在全过程形成反食物浪费的合力；号召社会各界踊跃参与，将反食物浪费化为全社会的自觉行动。

THE IMPLEMENT OF ANTI-FOOD WASTE POLICY: INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE AND LOCAL PRACTICE

Food security strategy is an important part of national security strategy, and food waste is an important factor endangering China''s food security. It is particularly important to ensure food security and reduce food waste. In this paper, the experience and practice of reducing food waste in the United States and France were systematically combed from three aspects: laws and regulations, policy measures and operational mechanism. The results were listed as follows. American laws and regulations emphasized the role of guidance and encouragement; France''s laws and regulations were two-pronged, giving attention to both guiding incentives and punishment containment. In terms of policies and measures, the United States had built a differentiated food recycling hierarchy and helped fight against food waste by investing in education. France paid more attention to exerting the strength of all sectors of society, guiding social forces to conduct self-management and fight against food waste. In terms of operational mechanism, both the United States and France reduce food waste through multi-sectoral cooperation and multi-fields, but in terms of the participation degree of NGOs, the participation degree of NGOs in the United States was obviously higher than that in France. Referring to the experience of other countries and based on the national conditions, this paper puts forward the following policy suggestions. To formulate detailed rules for the implementation of laws and policies, giving attention to guiding incentives and punishment containment; to establish a multi-level food recycling grade system to improve the efficiency of food recycling; to strengthen the cooperation among various departments to form a joint force against food waste in the whole process; and to call on all sectors of society to actively participate and turn anti-food waste into conscious action of the whole society.