基于偏序集DEA理论的中国奶牛养殖效率区域差异及优化研究

目的 通过设定精饲料数量、劳动力等5个投入指标和主产品产量、净利润2个产出指标，分别对我国各省大规模、中规模、小规模和散养4类养殖规模下的奶牛养殖效率及偏序关系进行测算，总结传统奶源带区域奶牛养殖效率发展特点，帮助无效率地区确定学习对象以实现效率优化改进。方法 文章运用DEA-CCR模型测算2009—2019年中国4类奶牛养殖规模下各地生产效率，利用基于偏序集理论的CCR模型测算相同养殖规模下各省区的偏序关系，并形成偏序关系图。结果 2009年以来我国奶牛养殖以发展大、中规模为主，到2019年两种规模有效率养殖地区占比均超过32%，且中规模养殖地区在高效养殖的稳定性方面表现更好。传统奶源带区域中，大城市郊区已无小规模和散养形式，其大、中规模养殖的效率在各区域中都表现优异；东北和内蒙古地区的小规模养殖和散养效率最高；地处中原的山西省、西北的新疆和甘肃以及南方的广西等地都是养殖效率表现突出的省区。结论 因奶源带区域内部各省区发展的同质性较低，无效率省区在提高投入—产出效率方面须更多地进行跨区域经验学习，具体优秀示范养殖省区有：大规模养殖下的新疆、甘肃、河北、北京、山西、湖北等；中规模养殖下的黑龙江、山西、天津、北京、吉林等；小规模养殖下的黑龙江、湖南；以及散养方式下的新疆、吉林、湖南、山西等。

STUDY ON REGIONAL DIFFERENCE AND OPTIMIZATION OF DAIRY FARMING EFFICIENCY IN CHINA BASED ON PARTIAL ORDERED SET DEA THEORY

This research is intended to measure the efficiency and partial ordered relationship of dairy farming in different provinces of China, summarize the development characteristics of dairy farming efficiency in traditional milk source areas, so as to help inefficient regions determine learning objects, then realize efficiency optimization and improvement. By building a DEA-CCR model with 5 input indicators and 2 output indicators, this research calculated the production efficiency of each province under the four types of dairy cattle feeding scale from 2009 to 2019 in China. Moreover, by using the CCR model based on the partial ordered set theory, it calculated the partial ordered relationship of each province in the same feeding scale, and formed a partial order relationship diagram. The results were listed as follows. Since 2009, dairy farming in China had mainly developed in large and medium scale, with efficient farming provinces accounting for more than 32% in 2019, and medium-scale farming regions had better performance in the stability of efficient farming. In the traditional milk source zone, there was no small-scale and free-range farming in the suburbs of large cities, and the efficiency of large and medium scale farming was excellent in all regions. The efficiency of small-scale farming and free-range farming was the highest in northeast China and Inner Mongolia. There were also some provinces where dairy farming was with outstanding breeding efficiency, such as Shanxi in central China, Xinjiang and Gansu in the west, and Guangxi in the south. So, in order to improve input-output efficiency, inefficient provinces need to learn experience across regions. And some excellent demonstration provinces were obtained. Such as large-scale pastures in Xinjiang, Gansu, Hebei, Beijing, Shanxi, Hubei, etc., medium-scale pastures in Heilongjiang, Shanxi, Tianjin, Beijing, Jilin, etc., small-scale pastures in Heilongjiang and Hunan, and free-range pastures in Xinjiang, Jilin, Hunan, Shanxi, etc.