外商直接投资行业间技术溢出效应实证分析

文章选取1999~2003年的行业层面板数据,考察了FDI对中国工业部门内资企业生产率的影响。在考虑了多重共线性问题并控制住不可观测的时间效应和行业效应之后,研究结果显示,FDI产生了显著的行业内溢出和前向联系溢出,但后向联系溢出为负。此外,对技术差距最优区间的分析表明,当内资企业生产率为相应外资企业生产率的30%~70%时,前向联系溢出能实现最大化。     

FDI行业间技术溢出与“挤压效应”:基于广东工业行业数据的实证研究

本文选取广东工业行业数据运用曼奎斯特(Malmquist)生产率指数对广东内资工业部门和国有内资工业部门的生产率及其分解变量进行测算。在控制R&D情况下,明确区分和分别测定FDI技术溢出的行业内溢出和行业间溢出,并从FDI企业所有制类型和市场导向性两个细分层面进行更深入研究。结果发现:FDI通过前、后向关联对当地企业的生产率有正向作用,但仅限于国内市场导向型FDI,作用对象仅是非国有内资企业,传导途径主要是技术进步;FDI通过水平方向对内资企业产生了"挤压效应",但"挤压效应"主要存在于内资非国有企业。     

FDI的水平与垂直溢出效应——以长三角二省一市为例

利用2000—2007年长三角地区两省一市27个制造业细分行业的面板数据,实证检验了FDI对内资企业的水平溢出、后向溢出和前向溢出效应,分别就FDI对长三角地区整体和江苏、浙江和上海不同地理单元的27个制造业整体及不同类型组(高、中、低技术产业组)的溢出效应进行实证检验。结果显示,长三角地区、江苏、浙江和上海的FDI都对内资企业具有正的后向溢出效应和负的前向溢出效应,江苏和浙江的FDI的水平溢出效应为正,上海的FDI的水平溢出效应为负。     

外商直接投资对广东省制造业技术溢出的实证研究——基于分位数回归方法

利用分位数回归方法,本文考察了FDI通过水平溢出和垂直溢出途径对广东省制造业的技术溢出情况.研究结果发现,内资企业的生产率处于高位水平时,FDI通过水平溢出途径的技术溢出表现正向显著作用;生产率较低时易受到挤出效应的负面影响.FDI通过后向关联溢出途径促进了上游内资企业生产率的提升,通过前向关联溢出途径,对生产率水平处于中等以及中等偏上的下游内资企业带来显著的负向影响.FDI对国有企业的技术溢出相比全部内资企业,在水平溢出的变化方向和前向关联溢出方面表现一定的差异性.     

FDI对内资企业的技术进步门槛效应研究

外商直接投资(FDI)对于东道国内资企业技术进步的影响存在争议,本文采用1998-2007年我国制造业企业层面数据,运用Hansen门槛模型实证检验了行业内和行业间FDI对内资企业技术进步的影响。实证结果显示FDI技术进步溢出效应主要发生在行业间而不是行业内:FDI与行业间前向溢出效应呈现"U"形关系,而行业内水平溢出效应和行业间后向溢出效应并不显著。进一步从FDI来源异质性层面分析,发现港澳台资本产生的技术溢出效应并不显著,而西方资本产生的后向溢出效应呈现"U"形关系。本文探究了FDI垂直溢出效应的非线性关系,为我国进一步深化改革,扩大资本市场开放有重要指导意义。     

FDI技术溢出空间性与地区生产率增长

本文在考虑了技术溢出具有空间特性的基础上,利用我国2000～2010年各省工业的面板数据,实证研究了FDI对本地区内资企业以及其他地区内资企业的技术溢出效应.实证结论表明,FDI在地区间也能产生显著的技术溢出效应,但技术溢出效应的强度受到地理距离的影响,而内资企业活动并没有在地区间形成技术溢出效应.进一步的研究表明,无论是本地的FDI还是异地的FDI对东部地区和中部地区的内资企业的生产率均有显著的正向影响,而对西部地区内资企业生产率的影响不显著.     

制造业FDI行业内和行业间溢出对全要素生产率变动的影响*

在中国制造2025的大背景下,如何利用FDI来促进制造业全要素生产率、技术效率与技术水平的提升具有重要意义。采用2005—2014年中国制造业的26个行业的面板数据实证分析FDI行业间和行业内的技术溢出对全要素生产率变动的影响,结果发现行业内直接溢出能有效促进内资制造业全要素生产率和技术效率的提高;行业内间接溢出则会挤占内资企业的生存空间阻碍全要素生产率、技术效率和技术水平的增长;行业间后向关联程度能显著且明显地促进内资制造业全要素生产率和技术效率的提升;行业间前向关联程度能显著但微弱地抑制内资制造业全要素生产率和技术效率的提升。     

市场结构对FDI行业间溢出效应的影响

近年来,对FDI的一些研究发现,行业间溢出(尤其是后向溢出)是FDI溢出的一个重要途径,FDI行业间溢出的影响因素很多,其中市场结构是聊后向溢出的一个重要影响因素.本文通过理论分析研究了上下游行业不同市场结构,以及FDI所在行业中本国企业数目对行业间溢出效应的影响发现,随着上下游行业市场集中度的降低,行业间溢出效应逐渐增大;随着FDI所在行业中本国企业数目的减少,行业间溢出效应也逐渐增大.     

FDI技术溢出效应对企业市场势力的影响研究——基于中国汽车制造企业的实证分析

本文利用1998—2007年工业企业微观数据,实际考察了FDI技术溢出的水平联动效应和垂直联系效应对中国汽车制造企业市场势力影响的显著性和程度,并对私营企业和国有企业进行了比较估计。研究发现,外商直接投资引进对汽车制造企业存在显著的正向溢出效应,具体细分的四种溢出程度为市场竞争效应下游行业后向联系效应示范模仿效应上游行业前向联系效应;企业的所有权属性对其FDI技术溢出的吸收能力有很大影响。     

FDI在行业内与行业间的出口溢出效应分析——基于中国微观企业面板数据的实证研究

基于中国2004—2007年的微观企业面板数据,本文研究了FDI对同行业和上下游行业的内资企业出口增长的贡献。通过采用面板数据的个体固定效应模型以及Heckman样本选择纠正模型,我们发现了FDI具有正向的行业内和行业间出口溢出效应。除此之外,我们还分别考察了内资企业的所有制结构以及外资是否出口对FDI出口溢出效应的影响。     

Technology transfers,foreign investment and productivity spillovers

This paper explores the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and the productivity of host country domestic firms. We rely on a specially designed survey of over 4000 manufacturing firms in Vietnam, and separate out productivity gains along the supply chain (obtained through direct transfers of knowledge/technology between linked firms) from productivity effects through indirect FDI spillovers. In addition to identifying indirect vertical productivity spillovers from FDI, our results show that there are productivity gains associated with direct linkages between foreign-owned and domestic firms along the supply chain not captured by commonly used measures of spillovers. This includes evidence of productivity gains through forward linkages for domestic firms which receive inputs from foreign-owned firms.     

Estimation of foreign MNEs spillovers in Spain

Using Spanish firm-level data, we estimate productivity effects of spillovers from foreign multinationals to domestic firms in both manufacturing and service sectors. We find evidence of a positive productivity effect from multinationals on domestic firms operating in the same industry. Analyzing inter-industry linkages, we find evidence consistent with positive productivity spillovers from forward linkages (i.e. from suppliers to buyers) and negative productivity spillovers from backward linkages (i.e. from buyers to suppliers). Our main results hold when analyzing differences between multinational and domestic firms, and for periods of economic growth and recession, although some differences arise. Interestingly, we find evidence supporting a positive role of spillovers during the last recession period.     

ARE THERE PRODUCTIVITY SPILLOVERS FROM FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN CHINA?

We review previous literature on productivity spillovers of foreign direct investment (FDI) in China and conduct our own analysis using a firm‐level data set from a World Bank survey. We find that the evidence of FDI spillovers on the productivity of Chinese domestic firms is mixed, with many positive results largely due to aggregation bias or failure to control for endogeneity of FDI. Attempting over 6000 specifications that take into account forward and backward linkages, we fail to find evidence of systematic positive productivity spillovers from FDI in China.     

Exporting, linkages and productivity spillovers from foreign direct investment

Abstract.  In this paper we analyse productivity spillovers from foreign direct investment using firm-level panel data for U.K. manufacturing industries from 1992 to 1999. We investigate spillovers through horizontal, backward, and forward linkages; distinguish spillovers from export-oriented vs domestic-market-oriented FDI; and allow for differing effects, depending on domestic firms' export activities. The results suggest that the mechanisms through which spillovers affect domestic firms are very complex and that there are substantial differences in spillover benefits for domestic exporters and non-exporters, and from different types of inward investment.     

The two ways of FDI R&D spillovers: evidence from the French manufacturing industry

Using French firm-level panel data, this study investigates R&D spillovers from inward foreign direct investment (FDI) with respect to both horizontal and vertical linkages (backward and forward). Using a Crepon, Duguet and Mairesse (CDM) model, we estimate an R&D-augmented Cobb–Douglas production function to assess the impact of R&D spillovers on firm performance. The results emphasize that international spillovers (from foreign affiliates to local firms) have a greater effect on firm performance than reverse spillovers (from local firms to foreign affiliates) and are more likely to be backward than forward. Moreover, the effect of backward spillovers depends on a firm’s absorptive capacity and is amplified in the case of outsourcing relationships.     

Local linkages: The interdependence of foreign and domestic firms in Ireland

This paper contributes to the literature on backward linkages—the degree of localization in input usage, focusing on the potential interdependence between foreign and domestic producer firms. Drawing on Irish sectoral data during 2000–2013, our main objective is to empirically examine how foreign and domestic producer firms' backward linkages might dynamically influence each other, and the extent to which they respond to export intensity and productivity levels from the two groups of firms. We find an interesting asymmetric interdependence pattern: (1) domestic firms' backward linkages are not impacted by the backward linkages of foreign firms; (2) more robust backward linkages of domestic firms can potentially induce more backward linkages from foreign firms; and (3) domestic firms' productivity shocks could generate a dynamic crossover impact on foreign firms' backward linkage status, but similar shocks originating from foreign firms generate little crossover impact on domestic firms’ backward linkage status. Our result on interdependent local linkages points to a potentially important role for domestic-to-domestic backward linkage formation in promoting foreign-to-domestic backward linkages.     

吸收能力对FDI技术溢出的调节效应研究——来自广东省制造业企业层面的证据

本文基于2001—2007年广东省制造业企业面板数据,运用Levinsohn—Petrin半参数方法估计企业全要素生产率（TFP）,考察了吸收能力对本土企业TFP的影响以及吸收能力对外商直接投资（FDI）溢出效应的调节效应。检验结果发现：本土企业的吸收能力对生产率提升有显著正向作用;吸收能力通过后向关联渠道对溢出效应起正向调节作用,而在水平方向和前向关联渠道上,调节效应呈现负向影响。研究结果还发现,吸收能力的这种作用对私营企业尤其明显。     

When does FDI have positive spillovers? Evidence from 17 transition market economies

We use rich firm-level data and national input–output tables from 17 countries over the 2002–2005 period to test new and existing hypotheses about the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the efficiency of domestic firms in the host country (i.e., spillovers). We document that backward linkages have a consistently positive effect on productivity of domestic firms while horizontal and forward linkages show no consistent effect. We also examine how the strength of spillovers varies by sector, FDI source, institutional environment (corruption, red tape, level of development), firm’s distance to the technological frontier, and other firm- and country-specific characteristics.     

Who Benefits from Foreign Direct Investment in the UK?

The presumed higher productivity of foreign firms and resulting spillovers to domestic firms has led governments to offer financial incentives to foreign firms. We investigate if there is any productivity or wage gap between foreign and domestic firms in the UK and if the presence of foreign firms in a sector raises the productivity of domestic firms. Our results indicate that foreign firms do have higher productivity than domestic firms and they pay higher wages. We find no aggregate evidence of intra‐industry spillovers. However, firms with low productivity relative to the sector average, in low‐skill low foreign competition sectors gain less from foreign firms.     

Does foreign ownership matter?

The paper both compares productivity of Russian firms that have foreign direct investments with productivity of fully domestically owned firms and analyses spillovers from foreign‐owned firms to domestic firms. Foreign firms are found to be more productive than domestic ones, but productivity of the former is negatively affected by slow progress of reforms in the regions where they operate. It is also found that there are positive spillovers from foreign‐owned firms to domestic firms in the same industry, but negative effects on domestic firms that are vertically related to foreign‐owned firms. The stock of human capital in regions where foreign firms operate is one of the factors which help domestic firms to benefit from the entry of foreign firms.