Renminbi Derivatives： Recent Development and Issues

This study reviews the developments in the onshore and offshore renminbi derivatives markets. The onshore market has seen a rapid build‐up in the market infrastructure and price discovery mechanism in the past year, with empirical evidence suggesting that its pricing is increasingly determined by financial fundamentals, such as the covered interest rate parity. However, the growth of the market has been restrained by restrictions on the participant base, limited variations in the RMB/US$ exchange rate, market participants’lack of technical capacity and experience, and inadequate supporting financial market infrastructure. The non‐deliverable forward (NDF) market, concentrated in Hong Kong and Singapore, is more developed, but has the drawback that its pricing is not tied to financial fundamentals. The comparison between onshore and offshore markets suggests that two issues are of particular importance for future derivatives market development in China: the balance between regulation and development, and the relationship between onshore and offshore markets.     

Are Offshore RMB Arrangements the Basis for a Long-term Exchange Rate System without Convertibility？

This paper discusses China's relatively new structure of dual onshore and offshore RMB markets. Its distinguishing feature is both offshore trading at exchange rates that are market determined and onshore trading at exchange rates anchored at the official spot rate with capital account inconvertibility. We note that thus far the CNH and CNY spot rates have largely tracked each other, suggesting that the shadow price on the convertibility constraint onshore and also the offshore diversification benefit is close to zero. However, this could change in the future. We discuss the potential for the offshore RMB market to grow with trade settlement and bilateral swap arrangements in RMB, which would provide a big enough pool of liquidity for the RMB to become a vehicle currency and reserve currency. These potential developments will be restrained by onshore inconvertibility, but moving to convertibility seemingly implies major change in China's financial structure and the offshore RMB arrangements are only a small first step along this path. Crucial in this evolution of arrangements will be future Chinese growth performance and the relative attractiveness of onshore inconvertible but offshore marketable RMB relative to the debt laden and slow growth currencies of the USA, the EU and Japan.     

人民币离岸市场与在岸市场汇率的动态相关性研究

论文主要检验了人民币在岸市场(CNY)与香港人民币离岸市场(CNH)以及人民币无本金交割远期外汇市场(NDF)之间汇率波动性的动态相关关系。根据人民币离岸市场发展的标志性事件将样本区间分为四段,采用日度数据,利用DCC-MVGARCH模型研究三个市场日汇率数据之间的动态相关关系,研究结果发现:三个市场相关程度不断增强,信息传递较快;2009年7月1日前CNY市场与CNH市场汇率波动率的相关系数较低且规律性不强;2009年7月2日至2010年7月19日,受国际金融危机的影响,人民币汇率稳定不再升值,其相关系数接近于0;2010年7月20日至2011年6月27日汇率波动性的相关性逐渐增强,表明人民币国际化的影响逐渐加大。2011年6月28日至2012年12月24日间汇率波动的相关性显著增强,这说明人民币不同市场之间的信息溢出程度加强,境内外市场融合程度不断提高。     

人民币升值对我国资产价格波动的影响

随着我国经济持续增长和外汇储备的逐年增加,人民币升值步伐有越来越快的趋势。自2005年7月,我国宣布结束维持十年之久的人民币汇率盯住美元政策以来,人民币已累计升值30%。人民币升值导致了我国资产价格的波动,特别是我国股票和房地产价格的起伏波动。如何应对由人民币升值引起的国内流动性过剩导致资产价格波动,成为政府面临的新挑战。     

Modeling exchange rate return volatility of RMB/USD using GARCH family models

The paper examines volatility of RMB exchange rate return of onshore and offshore markets. The onshore rate covered 4/01/2008–5/09/2016 while offshore spanned 31/12/2008-22/09/2016, the returns were not normally distributed and were integrated of order zero I(0). The Ljung-Box Q statistics depicts the presence of autocorrelation in return series and Ljung-Box Q² statistics of power transformed for conditional heteroscedasticity for lags of 6, 12 and 20 all indicated the presence of conditional heteroscedascity. The exchange rates volatility was persistent in both markets. However, offshore return was more persistent while leverage effects exist in both markets. Asymmetry power Autoregressive conditional Heteroscedastic (APARCH) model was the best model for forecasting purposes in both markets while Glosten, Jogannathan and Rankle, Generalized Autoregressive conditional Heteroscedastic (GJR-GARCH) model and Integrated Generalized Autoregressive conditional Heteroscedastic (I-GARCH) were the worst models in onshore and offshore return markets respectively. APARCH model should be adopted for future studies.     

Cointegration and causality among the onshore and offshore markets for China's currency

China has taken steps to develop offshore markets for renminbi trading and to liberalize exchange-rate determination in its onshore market. We examine the interaction between onshore and offshore markets with attention to how the interaction has been affected by widening of the onshore trading band first in April 2012 and further in March 2014. Ties between the onshore and offshore markets were closest before the first band widening and steadily loosened thereafter. We further study the cointegration and lead-lag effects between offshore and onshore spot and forward markets and show that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between any pair of them. Our results suggest stronger causality running from the spot onshore rate to the spot offshore rate than vice versa. Between the spot and forward markets, there is evidence of bidirectional linear and nonlinear causality, which implies foreign impulses have had an influence on the domestic market.     

Renminbi Going Global

The present paper evaluates the international status of the Chinese currency, the renminbi (RMB), by examining its use in the global market. Specifically, the discussion focuses on the recent developments of RMB trading in the global foreign exchange market, cross‐border trade settlement in RMB, the Hong Kong offshore market and China's policies relating to the RMB. The evidence suggests that the use of the RMB overseas, especially in trade financing and in the off‐shore market, has increased rapidly in recent years. However, compared with the size of the Chinese economy, the current scale of the use of the RMB is quite small. Although the RMB has great potential to become an international currency, its acceptance in the global economy is affected by both economic and political factors. Attaining a fully fledged international RMB is still a distant goal.     

Do exchange rate arrangements and capital controls influence international capital flows and housing prices in Asia?

This paper investigates the influence of international capital flows on housing prices in eight Asian countries, including China. We focus on determining whether exchange rate arrangements and capital regulations influence capital inflows and housing prices. Our results show that an arrangement to restrain the fluctuation of the exchange rate and capital controls has the potential to raise housing prices in Asia. The strong prospect of the Chinese yuan's appreciation also pushed up housing prices in China. Another expected reason for the increase in capital inflows into Asian markets is the expansion of global liquidity. Such capital flows often have a sensitive reaction to market sentiment, and an increase in asset market volatility caused by the liquidity squeeze decreases Asian housing prices. These results suggest the need to review capital controls and future exchange rate system options for Asian countries.     

货币政策对股票价格行为的影响实证分析

文章以影响股票价格的理论为基础,采用现代计量技术,采用2005年1月至2007年6月的月度时间序列数据,研究了汇率、存款准备金率以及利率、货币供应量等宏观经济因素对股票价格的影响。从2005年6月以来我国A股市场股票价格的持续上涨,其主要原因是经济的高速增长、人民币升值以及充足的货币供应量;而加息与提高存款准备金率对股票价格变化的影响有限。     

不均衡货币金融体系前提的全球资本流动、价格波动及应对策略

全球不均衡货币金融体系造成国际流动性膨胀.对人民币汇率的升值预期加剧了证券和房地产市场投资热情,国际短期资本会以各种方式进入国内市场,并带动国内资本的投资热情,造成国内资产价格的大幅波动。房地产和股票等资产具有虚拟特性,而且我国证券和房地产市场正处于结构和制度调整期,资产价格的大幅波动会给市场发展和宏观经济稳定带来不良影响。     

香港人民币离岸市场发展的经济效应考察

新世纪以来,香港人民币离岸市场在衍生品交易、存款规模、跨境结算系统、债券及股票市场等方面快速发展,对于人民币汇率形成机制的市场化改革、分流大陆过剩流动性、推动人民币国际化和金融开放、便利企业规避汇率风险、降低融资成本等方面发挥了积极作用,但也对大陆宏观金融调控和监管带来了潜在冲击。     

境内外金融市场联动效应：理论基础与文献综述

狭义金融市场联动效应是指不同金融资产的价格及其收益率和波动率之间的协动关系。本文从理论角度分析了金融市场联动效应的作用机制,对境内外金融市场联动效应方面的研究文献进行了评述,特别是境外上市交易的本土概念外汇、利率、股票衍生品市场与境内对应金融市场之间的联动效应,并据此提出一些政策建议以及未来研究方向建议。     

Bubbles or fundamentals? Modeling provincial house prices in China allowing for cross-sectional dependence

This paper provides an empirical analysis of changes in real housing prices in China using quarterly province-level data from 2001 to 2014. It examines the extent to which real housing price at the provincial level are driven by economic fundamentals, such as real per capita disposable income, real interest rate, and size of urban population. The econometric modeling takes explicit account of provincial heterogeneity, nonstationarity of variables, and cross-sectional dependence across provinces by virtue of the Common Correlated Effects model. We find that fundamentals play a less significant role in explaining the house prices in China. Inconsistent with economic theories, the most important fundamental, real income, cannot completely justify the housing price inflation. Therefore, there may be a housing price bubble in the market.     

Exchange Rate Regimes: Middling Through

Abstract

The appropriate exchange rate regime, in the context of integration of currency markets with financial markets and of large international capital flows, continues to be a policy dilemma. It is found that the majority of countries are moving towards somewhat higher exchange and lower interest rate volatility. Features of foreign exchange (forex) markets could be partly motivating these choices. A model with noise trading, non-traded goods and price rigidities shows that bounds on the volatility of the exchange rate can lower noise trading in forex markets; decrease fundamental variance and improve real fundamentals in an emerging market economy (EME); and give more monetary policy autonomy. Central banks prefer secret interventions where they have an information advantage or fear destabilizing speculation. But in the model discussed in this article, short-term pre-announced interventions can control exchange rate volatility, pre-empt deviations in prices and real exchange rates, and allow markets to help central banks achieve their targets. The long-term crawl need not be announced. In conclusion, the regime's applicability to an EME is explored.     

Tsunami: Market Tightness and Asset Price Volatility

Abstract

This paper considers an asset market subject to search frictions, where there are adjustment costs to the entry rate of buyers. An implication is that even in asset markets where the search frictions are very small, asset prices respond to changes in liquidity. Another implication is that asset liquidity is a state variable, the dynamics of which are analysed. I demonstrate that transition paths of liquidity to its (stable) steady state can exhibit dramatic divergence before convergence following small positive deviations in the measure of buyers in the market. Thus, adjustment costs of entry are a potential source of volatility by generating large waves of liquidity, or “tsunami”, in asset markets. I quantitatively assess the ability of the mechanism to generate asset market booms and busts via the implied price movements.     

人民币汇率传递对我国物价水平影响的实证分析:2005～2008

本文考察了2005年7月至2008年2月期间人民币汇率变动对我国物价水平的影响。研究表明,人民币名义有效汇率变动对进口价格的传递是不完全的,当人民币名义有效汇率每变动一个百分点时,进口价格指数仅变化0.22个百分点;人民币名义有效汇率与国内物价水平存在负相关性,这与以往的研究结论恰好相反,对此,本文从人民币升值预期和人民币均衡汇率两个视角作了解释;全球商品价格指数并非影响我国国内物价水平的最重要因素,我国经济体具备较强的抵御外来冲击的能力。     

Geographic Spread of Currency Trading: The Renminbi and Other Emerging Market Currencies

This paper studies the ongoing diffusion of renminbi (RMB) trading across the globe, the first of such research of an international currency. It analyses the distribution in offshore RMB trading in 2013 and 2016 using comprehensive data from the Triennial Central Bank Survey of foreign exchange markets. In 2013, Asian centers favored by the policy of RMB internationalization had disproportionate shares in global RMB trading. Over the following three years, RMB trading seemed to converge to the spatial pattern of all currencies, with a half‐life of seven to eight years. The previously most traded emerging market currency, the Mexican peso, shows a similar pattern, although it is converging to the global norm more slowly. Three other emerging market currencies show a qualitatively similar evolution in the geography of their offshore trading. Overall, the RMB's internationalization is tracing an arc from the influence of administrative measures to the working of market forces.     

人民币国际化对货币政策有效性的影响

人民币国际化是否影响货币政策有效性?是人民币国际化程度提高之后货币大规模跨境流动而引起的担忧。文章研究发现,在给定其他因素不变的情况下,人民币国际化程度的提高放大了境外汇率变动对国内经济产出和价格的影响。因此,人民币国际化背景下,中央银行应将境外汇率失衡纳入货币政策的反应函数,反应系数取决于境外利率、产出和价格对境外货币需求的决定系数。理论分析还表明,人民币国际化程度不影响货币政策对国内价格的有效性,而是否影响货币政策对国内经济产出的有效性,则取决于经济结构特征。实证结果表明,目前人民币国际化未对国内利率、产出和价格带来明显冲击,且无论是在M0层次,还是在M2层次,人民币国际化均未明显影响国内货币政策有效性。     

人民币利率、汇率波动对我国价格水平影响的比较研究

随着我国利率市场化改革和汇率体制改革的深入,金融市场的利率水平和人民币汇率水平对商品价格的影响越来越显著。通过建立结构向量自回归SVAR模型,运用脉冲响应函数分析,比较分析了利率、汇率变动对我国几个主要的商品价格指数的影响后发现,当前利率变动对价格的影响要强于汇率,人民币升值在短期对价格有抑制作用,但是在中期反而有促进作用。利率和汇率变动对价格的影响时间有限,在长期,价格还是会回到初始水平。     

中美农产品市场整合及其价格传导机制研究——以大豆市场为例

本文在对中国和美国大豆价格进行格兰杰因果关系检验的基础上,运用VAR模型分析中美两国大豆市场动态的相互影响关系,并探索当面临由外部冲击所导致的上涨压力时,两个大豆市场分担上涨压力的贡献情况;之后运用VECH和TARCH模型分析中美大豆价格波动的传导机制和对称性问题。主要结论如下:首先,中美大豆市场相互影响,互为因果,但美国大豆市场对中国大豆市场的冲击要强于中国大豆市场对美国大豆市场的影响,且美国大豆市场应对外部冲击的能力要强于中国。其次,美国大豆价格的波动主要依靠上期自身波动的传导,而中国大豆价格波动更易受外部冲击的影响;美国大豆价格波动趋于收敛,而中国大豆价格波动趋于发散。再次,中美大豆市场的联合波动也主要受外部冲击影响,两个市场的整合机制较为脆弱。最后,中美大豆价格波动均体现出非对称的特征。