民国的事前审计及其制度环境

民国时期,战乱频繁,军阀割据导致机会主义行为严重,加上财政困难,债台高筑,因而政府高层对管理层问责需求十分强烈,厉行审计成为政府的必然选择。事前审计因之防患于未然的实际效力,得到了政界学界一致认可,也成为了民国政府审计制度的重要特色。     

浅论审计公告制度的必要性

国家审计署曾在全国审计工作会议上提出要实行审计公告制度,先搞试点,然后在整个审计系统推行。审计公告有事前和事后两种。事后公告,即审计项目结束后,将审计结果通过报纸、电台、电视等新闻媒体或召开新闻发布会、发表公报等形式向社会公布。事前公告是指审计项目开始之前,在被审计单位或更大的范围内公布审计的目的、范围和时间,以鼓励知情人举报和提供证据,支持和配合审计组搞好审计。无论是事前公告还是事后公告,尽管内容有所不同,但目的都是为了加强社会和舆论监督作用,而且它们均具有公开性和透明度。实行审计公告制度,具有十分重要…     

议政府投资建设项目跟踪审计

跟踪审计是指审计机关和审计人员依法独立对政府重大投资建设项目等经济活动,适时进行监督、鉴证和评价的行为,也是贯彻落实温家宝总理关于审计跟进财政资金运行指示精神的重要举措。跟踪审计弥补了其他审计方式的固有缺陷,注重从事前、事中和事后审计相结合,确保财政资金在投资建设项目的每个环节都受到监督。近年来,审计署及各级审计机关都先后组织了对重大投资     

企业内部审计探讨

内部审计是由各部门、各单位内部设置的专门机构或人员实施的审计,是一种客观的保证和咨询活动。在我国《内部审计——基本准则》中指出:"内部审计是指组织内部的一种独立客观的监督和评价活动,它通过审查和评价经营活动及内部控制的适当性、合法性和有效性来促进组织目标的实现。"自1984年内部审计制度建立迄今已有几十年了,从企业内部审计工作的开展状况来看,有的企业内部审计机构形同虚设,有的企业内部审计机构被撤并,有     

南京国民政府审计稽察制度考论

稽察是南京国民政府重要的审计方式。南京国民政府时期,从加强对政府财政监督的目的出发,在创建稽察机构、改进稽察方式、建设稽察队伍、保障稽察人员权利和行使稽察职权等方面,均走依法规制的思维模式,通过相关法律法规,不断健全和完善审计稽察制度,使稽察与事前审计、事后审计制度互为联系,互为补充,形成一个统一互动的整体。这种互动的审计监督制度,对现代审计制度的构建也有一定的借鉴作用。     

网络经济环境下审计独立性的“组织独立”研究

著名审计理论家、思想家莫茨(R.K.Mautz)和夏拉夫(H.A.Sharaf)认为,审计的独立性状态应从四个方面得到反映:第一,在"财务利益"方面,审计人的活动经费应该独立;第二,在"精神状态"方面,审计人应保持精神上的独立;第三,在"组织地位"方面,审计机构必须是独立的专职机构,与被审计人没有组织上的隶属关系;第四,在"自由调查"方面,审计人的计划、检查与发表意见等各项工作均应是自由的,不受他人的控制与干涉。关于审计独立性的经济独立、精神伦理独立、工作独立等,笔者在此不再赘述,只就"组织独立"问题作一分析研究。审计独立性的"组织独立"既是一种理论升华,也是一种制度安排。最高审计机关国际组织(INTOSAI)在《利马宣言——审计规则指南》中首先提到最高审计机关只有独立于被审计单位并不受外界影响的情况下,才能客观而有效地完成其工作任务,最高审计机关必须具备完成     

网络经济条件下审计的“伦理关系”独立

独立性是审计的灵魂。英国学者E·沃尔夫曾把审计与独立性比喻为一枚硬币的正反两面,说明审计与独立性密不可分。西方谈到审计独立性时,一般是指审计人员的精神独立。正如汤姆·李所言:"从根本上说,独立性是一种精神态度,它不允许审计师的观点和结论变得依赖和屈从于持反对意见的利害关系人施加的任何压力和影响。"美国《公认审计准则》也规定:"审计人员在处理一切审计业务时,在精神态度上必须保持独立性。"可见,精神独立是一种人格追求,属于哲学范畴。从经济学的角度看,正是市场经济的发展,才使审计独立性得以彻底实现。     

管理建议书撰写心得

随着我国经济的发展,越来越多的企业向管理效益;政府审计在党风廉政建设中扮演着重要角色,越来越多的国有行政事业单位和其他组织主动要求会计师事务所进行事前审计。管理咨询审计在审计中的份额不断上升,管理建议书经常是管理咨询审计的结果。能否写好管理建议书,是判断审计人员水平的重要标准。然而很多审计人员却害怕写管理建议书。     

中华人民共和国审计署令 第4号 审计署关于内部审计工作的规定

第一条为了加强内部审计工作,建立健全内部审计制度,根据《中华人民共和国审计法》等有关法律,制定本规定。第二条内部审计是独立监督和评价本单位及所属单位财政收支、财务收支、经济活动的真实、合法和效益的行为,以促进加强经济管理和实现经济目标。第三条国家机关、金融机构、企业事业组织、社会团体以及其他单位,应当按照国家有关规定建立健全内部审计制度。法律、行政法规规定设立内部审计机构的单位,必须设立独立的内部审计机构。法律、行政法规没有明确规定设立内部审计机构的单位,可以根据需要设立内部审计机构,配备内部审计人员。…     

第二讲 工会审计依据、审计证据及审计工作底稿

一、工会审计依据(一)审计依据是审计人员在审计过程中用来衡量、评价被审计事项的真实、合法、效益的具体标准,是提出审计意见、做出审计评价、得出审计结论的根据。主要包括:1《.工会法》及国家相关法律、法规、政策;2.全国总工会有关制度、规定及上级工会、产业工会等制定的工作目标和下达的经济指标、通知、指示、会议文件等;3.被审单位内部制定的规章制度等。(二)审计依据的运用受时间限制,不能以现行的规定衡量过去,也不能以失效的制度评价现在。二、工会审计证据(一)审计证据审计证据是审计人员通过各种方法,获取足以证明审计事项真…     

审计艺术研究

审计艺术是指审计机关和审计人员为达到审计目的和效果,在审计工作中采用的富有创造性的方式方法,是审计机关和审计人员在长期的审计实践中摸索出来的,建立在一定的素养、才能、知识、经验基础上的审计技巧。审计艺术与审计科学、审计文化之间存在着不可分割的关系。审计科学是审计艺术的前提和基础,审计艺术是审计科学的补充与完善,审计科学与审计艺术是相互融合的;审计艺术反映审计文化,审计文化影响和制约着审计艺术的发展和运用,审计艺术的发展推动审计文化的变迁。本文对审计工作中审计人员说话、访谈、询问、审计交换意见、审计机关与其他职能部门沟通这六个关键艺术做了简要介绍。运用审计艺术要遵循审计规范和审计原则、符合审计文化的基本要求、审计人员具有符合要求的能力和素质这三个基本要求,并把加强审计艺术的理论研究、提高审计人员运用审计艺术的能力和素质以及总结提炼和宣传审计艺术经典案例三个方面作为提高审计艺术运用能力和水平的主要途径。     

国家审计监控公共经济权力运行——基于道德维度的探讨

国家审计无论从本质、功能,还是实践角度,无不揭橥了其对公共经济权力运行是否适当的监控,面对当前公共经济权力变异(不作为、行权过当和以权谋私)的现状,若追根溯源深挖权力行使者思想的痼疾,不可否认,权力变异只不过是道德缺失在社会政治经济领域中的投影.而道德对权力的监控有其独特的作用机制,本文就国家审计如何发挥道德监控权力的作用提出宣传部、文化部、教育部、审计署联合建立道德建设工作联席会议制度,从娃娃抓起强化全体公民的基于传统文化精华的道德教育、协助中纪委挖掘传统家族家规的精华、大力维护社会公平正义以涵养道德、尝试开展道德审计等四个要素构成的框架机制.     

Does Ethical Culture in Audit Firms Support Auditor Objectivity?

The suggested cause of constrained auditor objectivity has been centred on auditors' financial incentives and long audit tenure. Recent research has challenged those assumptions and questioned the effectiveness of auditor rotation to counteract short-tenure threats to auditor objectivity. Audit firms and regulators need to adopt methods for enhancing auditor objectivity that are effective in various auditor–client relationships. This study examines whether audit firm ethical culture is positively related to auditor objectivity. Based on the responses of 281 practising auditors, the findings indicate that auditors are more likely to make objective judgments in ethical cultures characterized by the rewarding of ethical behaviour and punishment of unethical behaviour, prevalence of ethical norms, visible ethical leadership, and low emphasis on obedience to authority. In conclusion, evidence indicates that auditors in audit firms with a strong ethical culture are more likely to maintain auditor objectivity than are auditors in less supportive cultures. This suggests that audit firms should promote a strong ethical culture to reduce the risk of constrained auditor judgment.     

New development: Local public audit—the changing landscape

This article considers the implications for local public audit of the abolition of the Audit Commission and its audit practice (District Audit). The audit regime of NHS foundation trusts, where the Audit Commission is not responsible for auditor appointments or their oversight, is investigated to provide insights for the future of local public audit.     

Determinants and implications of long audit reporting lags: evidence from China

Audit reporting lag is the single most important determinant influencing the timeliness of the release of financial statements. In this study, we first explore the determinants of audit reporting lags in China where the audit market for listed firms is dominated by non-Big 4 auditors. We then examine the implications of long audit reporting lags in subsequent years. We find that selected measures of audit risk and complexity, and auditor expertise are all associated with the length of audit reporting lags in China. Firms with long audit reporting lags are more likely to have the receipt of non-standard opinions in subsequent periods. There is also evidence that firms with extremely long audit reporting lags tend to have more restatements in the subsequent year. As prior research has not specifically investigated the consequences of long audit reporting lags in subsequent years, this study makes an important contribution to the literature in this area.     

审计机关审计项目审理工作的实践与理论探讨

根据审计法、审计法实施条例和国家审计准则规定,审计机关审计项目应当实行审理制度。这一制度对审计机关提高审计质量、控制审计风险、发挥免疫系统功能和建设性作用都极其重要。本文结合现代审计发展规律和内部控制制度需求,对审计机关审计项目审理工作的实践和理论探讨进行了较系统的研究,以期通过建立审理机构、配备审理人员、完善审理制度和优化审计机关审计项目审理程序为全面提高审计质量和控制审计风险提供保障。同时,还针对目前审理工作中存在的问题提出具体对策,与审计同仁进行探讨。     

Measuring audit quality of local governments in England and Wales

The purpose of this paper is to model and test the audit quality provided to local governments in England and Wales. A key question is: are there major differences in audit quality provided? The Audit Commission, a national public body under Parliament, regulates the audits. It sets audit standards, appoints the auditors, and (although each auditor and client local government set the specific audit fee for that client) it establishes a formula to determine standard audit fees. The Audit Commission also conducts an annual review of the audit quality provided by the selected auditors, as well as a survey of client satisfaction. The majority of audits are conducted by District Auditors (public sector employees of the Audit Commission). About a quarter of local governments are audited by one of six private sector auditors (including three of the Big 4). Actual results indicate that audit quality differences are associated with the number of governmental audit clients and local government type. Generally, there were modest quality differences by auditor category.     

Auditor specialization, perceived audit quality, and audit fees in the local government audit market

Prior governmental research implies a positive relation between auditor specialization and audit quality, but the effect of specialization on audit fees is mixed. However, no single governmental study investigates the effect of auditor specialization on both audit quality and audit fees. Also, prior studies focus on either large- or small audit firms and often employ indirect proxies for audit quality. We study the effects of auditor specialization on perceived audit quality and audit fees. Our data represent both Big 5 and smaller audit firms and include three market-based measures of specialization. We survey 241 Florida local government finance directors and find that specialization is positively associated with perceived audit quality but not with audit fees. We also find that Big 5 auditors, often used as a proxy for higher audit quality in prior research, are not uniformly associated with increased perceived audit quality but consistently charge higher audit fees. Our results confirm a relation between measures of audit firm specialization and audit quality and raise questions regarding audit firm size and audit quality in the municipal sector. Our findings suggest that engaging specialized auditors may be good policy for many local governments.     

美国审计署的审计机关成熟度模型及其借鉴意义

美国审计署提出的审计机关成熟度模型,反映了美国审计署对审计机关履行职责的认识。通过回顾美国国家审计的发展历程,可以发现审计机关成熟度模型与美国审计署在不同时期发挥的功能具有内在的契合关系。美国国家审计功能不断提升是国家治理发展的内在要求、具备了相应的制度保障条件、审计机关提高自身管理水平的结果。本文认为我国应该深化对国家审计建设性作用的认识、完善相应的制度保障、进一步提高审计机关自身管理水平,保障我国国家审计更好地参与国家治理。     

Herbal Pharma Inc.: Conducting an Effective Group Audit*

As the relative weight of global economic activity continues to shift toward non-OECD countries (OECD 2018), audit firms are more likely to encounter clients with significant business operations in foreign jurisdictions. The associated need to engage and oversee local component auditors in these jurisdictions can lead to challenges arising from different business cultures and the resulting intra-audit miscommunications. Audit deficiencies related to these challenges have been detected by regulators (PCAOB 2011, 2010; CPAB 2012, 2015). Standard setters such as the IAASB and the Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (AASB) have responded by issuing an exposure draft proposing revisions to ISA 600 (IAASB 2020) and CAS 600 (AASB 2020) to strengthen the auditor's approach and provide enhanced guidance to practitioners. In light of this evolving area of assurance, this case was developed to deepen students' understanding of both group and component audits in an international context. The case takes the perspective of the group auditor and features an audit senior in a specialized role overseeing the component audit of a client's increasingly material Chinese subsidiary. Deficiencies in the prior year component audit, along with a change in the component auditor, further underlines the importance of robust risk analysis for the upcoming engagement.