普通小农户绿色农产品优价路径初探

[目的]绿色农产品无法实现优价,是制约农业绿色发展的一个关键因素。当前在以家庭经营为主的基本国情和农情下,探讨普通小农户绿色农产品的优价路径,助力小农户更好更快地走绿色发展之路尤为重要。[方法]文章首先从理论和制度层面剖析了绿色农产品无法优价的一般原因,其次基于农业绿色发展先行区的绿色生产现状调研,深入剖析当前规模经营主体与普通小农户分别在绿色生产各阶段的优势与劣势;进而分析当前新型经营主体的优价途径对普通小农户的适用性。[结果]当前大部分普通小农户都很难借鉴规模经营主体的优价模式,普通小农户绿色农产品想要实现优价,除了必要的公共服务支撑,还需要各类新型经营主体以及社会各方力量的共同支持。[结论]基于自我发展能力提升和强化外部服务支撑,从降低绿色生产成本、拓宽绿色市场渠道、规范绿色市场环境、强化绿色认证监管、倡导绿色消费理念等几个方面提出具体措施,助力绿色生产的普通小农户走上优质优价之路。     

基于利益联结机制的“电商+农户”合作效能提升策略

以互联网为代表的新经济与传统农业的融合式运作模式是剖解制约中国经济发展的三农难题的有益路径。研究阐述了"电商+农户"合作的意义;指出农业比较竞争优势低弱化农户收入提升能力、龙头企业带动区域农业发展能力弱和松散型利益联结机制降低利益分配机制效能等问题;给出"电商+农户"合作机制的生产利益联结模式、营销利益联结模式和利益联结平台建设等若干可行对策。     

农业绿色生产社会化服务模式探析

[目的]在当前全面推进农业绿色发展、以绿色发展引领乡村振兴的农业发展新阶段,绿色生产社会化服务是促进小农户与现代农业发展相衔接、全面迈入农业绿色发展轨道的重要途径。为研究提出适合我国当前农业绿色发展需求的绿色生产社会化服务模式。[方法]文章首先对农业绿色生产社会化服务内容、种类与潜在供求关系进行了初步界定,并对绿色生产社会化服务与传统生产社会化服务进行了比较分析,明确了绿色生产社会化服务的特殊性;其次基于浙江、黑龙江、湖北等地农业绿色发展社会化服务典型实践,进行实证分析。[结果]提炼分析出4种主要的绿色生产社会化服务模式,并对每种模式的适用条件以及需要重点关注的问题进行了深入探讨。[结论]在此基础上提出当前进一步完善绿色生产社会化服务的政策建议,对于加快服务规模化引领绿色发展,带动小农户走上农业绿色发展轨道具有重要的决策参考价值。     

河南省小农户融入现代农业的现实困境与优化路径研究

立足“大国小农”这一基本国情和基本农情,以河南农业发展状况为现实基础,积极探究河南小农户如何更好地融入现代农业的路径意义重大。本文在分析河南省小农户与现代农业发展现状基础上,针对小农户与新型农业经营主体利益联结不紧密、面向小农户的农业社会化服务体系建设滞后等现实困境,从打造农业品牌、发展绿色农业、加大政策资金扶持和组织引领等方面提出河南省小农户更好地融入现代农业的优化路径。     

农业小微企业与农户联结机制分析——以吉林省为例

本文以吉林省为例着眼于农业小微企业,与农业产业化龙头企业相比,农业小微企业与农户联结的组织形式、经营决策方式以及利益联结机制等方面存在区别和差距。农业小微企业与农户的组织形式变化反映农业产业化的发展层次,农业小微企业与农户联结发展农业产业化需要完善的制度来支撑,完善对农户的利益机制是加强小微企业与农户联结紧密与可持续的关键,农业小微企业向龙头企业发展晋级应该协同于农业产业化的发展趋势。     

新型农业经营主体与小农户利益联结问题研究

振兴农业经营主体与小农利益联结有助于推动农业转型升级,对乡村产业兴旺农户增收致富具有积极影响。当前新型农业经营主体与小农利益联结受到农业经济发展水平、经营主体素质与能力、农业生产条件等多种因素影响。在分析小农户利益联结问题时,要遵循农业发展规律和发展趋势,按照自愿、平等、公平的原则,构建新型农业经营主体与小农户利益联系机制,为农业转型升级和农户脱贫致富创造有利条件。     

河南省小农户分享农业全产业链增值收益机制构建研究

河南省委、省政府根据河南实际情况相继发布"三农"领域重点工作的实施意见,在促进农民持续增收中明确提出支持各地立足资源优势打造各具特色的农业全产业链,建立健全农民分享产业链增值收益机制。河南省小农户具有组织分散、生产经营能力弱小、权利发展不充分、靠销售初级农产品获得收益等问题,致使其自身分享全产业链增值收益能力有限。因此为促进河南省小农户分享合理增值收益,实现收入可持续增长,需要从加强小农户产业链地位、强化小农户间利益联结、政策支持引导保护小农户利益、明晰产业链上各利益主体的收益分配等方面的重要支撑性条件作出合理的机制安排。基于此,文章在界定农业全产业链及其增值收益等相关概念基础上,分析河南小农户分享全产业链增值收益的内在动力与外在约束机理,从革新小农户组织机制、创新发展农业新业态的载体机制、完善政府政策扶持小农户发展的制度机制、明晰增值收益分配机制等方面构建四位一体的机制体系,为河南省小农户获取合理农业全产业链收益分配提供机制保障。     

新型农业经营主体带动小农户与现代农业衔接路径、问题及对策

在乡村振兴的关键时期,十九大提出要实现小农户与现代农业有机衔接。已有的新型农业经营主体带动小农户发展现代农业有"社会化服务组织+小农户""种植大户/家庭农场+小农户""农民专业合作社+小农户""龙头企业+小农户"等路径,都是有效且适合我国农业发展的,但上述发展路径中农业金融服务不到位、农村人才储备匮乏、小农户主体地位缺失、利益联结机制不完善等问题亟待解决。据此提出"龙头企业+基地+合作社+小农户""政府+社会化服务组织+小农户""高校/科研机构+家庭农场+小农户""农民专业合作社+行业协会+小农户"等创新路径,并配合建立奖励机制、提供政策支持、完善人才培养机制等保障措施加速小农户的现代化进程。     

精准扶贫视阈下农户企业利益联结融资研究——基于黑龙江省五常市农户数据

[目的]为缓解贫困户和贫困地区中小农业企业资金短缺、贷款难问题,探索符合农村贫困人群和农业企业融资方法创新,并在全面实现脱贫后,保障贫困地区经济质量持续增长,做好金融扶贫这篇文章。[方法]文章以黑龙江省五常市的实地调研数据为基础,探索了农户企业利益联结融资可行方法,形成了农业企业的融资方案和农户精准扶贫方案,其中设计了农户加入合作社的利益科学计算方案,运用熵权法对供应链所选合作社的进行科学评价,并对最终融资方案进行评估,提出从企业到农户由上至下环环紧扣的金融扶贫思路。[结果]贫困地区资源不足、生产力低下,客观上加大了资金需求总量,需要通过外部融资来获得更多的资金支持;通过建立农户企业利益联结融资机制,供应链中处于劣势的贫困户的资金需求得到更好满足,有利于通过生产实现整体脱贫,助力精准扶贫。[结论]农业精准扶贫与金融精准扶贫高度相关,解决金融精准扶贫的问题要以核心企业和合作社为关键节点,不断明确农业核心企业与中小企业以及农户间的利益联结机制,逐步打通供应链,扩大产业化规模。积极探索符合贫困户和企业实际的创新融资合作机制,为贫困人口地区金融环境和生产能力提升创造更优越条件。     

农业生产托管推进小农生产现代化的逻辑创新

目的 “大国小农”是我国的基本国情、农情，未来我国农业现代化的难点是如何实现小农户生产经营现代化。针对现阶段小农户发展现代农业面临的“谁来种地”“如何种好地”“种地如何赚钱”等问题提出改进措施，从而为进一步丰富农业生产托管实践路径提供借鉴。方法 文章采用理论研究、实证研究和案例研究相结合的方法，从推进生产托管服务主体联合、推动小农户组织化、满足农户个性化生产经营需求、健全小农户与市场主体的利益联结机制、建立农业生产托管的风险分担机制等五个方面，系统梳理农业生产托管推进小农生产现代化的逻辑创新。结果 农业生产托管一定程度上起到了将小农户引入现代农业发展轨道的作用，提高了农业生产效率，同时也巩固了农户家庭经营的主体地位，没有将小农户排斥在现代农业发展的轨道之外。结论 提出灵活推进各种规模化经营模式、提升小农户组织化程度、培育农业生产托管供需市场等改进措施。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Evaluating Alternative Policy Responses to Higher World Food Prices: The Case of Increasing Rice Prices in Madagascar

Higher world food prices have led many developing countries to adopt policies to mitigate the impact on low-income households. This article sets out a partial equilibrium framework to evaluate the efficiency, distributional, and revenue implications of alternative policy responses. The model is applied to evaluate tariff reductions and targeted transfers in Madagascar. Although lowering tariffs generates substantial efficiency gains, these accrue mainly to the top half of the welfare distribution, and poor net sellers are actually worse off. Developing a system of targeted direct transfers to poor households is likely to be a substantially more cost-effective approach to poverty alleviation.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。