How should a convertible bond be decomposed?

In this paper, a new decomposition approach for valuing convertible bonds (CBs) is presented. Through developing an appropriate integral representation for the value of convertible bonds, we show that an extra premium associated with the holder??s early conversion right exists in addition to the traditional split of a convertible bond into a straight bond plus an option. Three distinct cases, CBs with zero-coupon, continuous coupon and discrete coupon payments, are discussed in this article. Also, to validate our integral formulation, a numerical implementation for the solution of the CB value is conducted and some preliminary results are presented.     

考虑违约风险的可转换债券定价新模型

随着近几年我国证券市场可转换债券的发展,对其进行定价成为学界的一个热门课题。利用期权定价方法对可转换债券进行定价,并得到了一个考虑违约风险的可转换债券定价新模型。     

Investigating the effectiveness of convertible bonds in reducing agency costs: A Monte-Carlo approach

Simulation and option pricing techniques are used to value the marginal effect of asset risk on stock value. I find the optimal mix of stock, debt and convertible bonds that reduces this marginal effect to zero. At this optimal point the agency costs of debt are minimized. The incentive to add risky projects that arises from ordinary debt is offset by the incentive to ignore risky projects that arises from convertible debt.     

我国可转换债券价值影响因素的敏感度分析

本文采用修正的二叉树模型,对影响可转换债券价值的影响因素进行敏感度分析。分析结果表明,基础股价、股价波动率和公司债券利率是可转债价值最重要的影响因素。本文的分析和结论对于将来构建可转债多因素定价模型和从事可转债的套利分析具有较高的参考价值。     

由西方可转换公司债券融资动机理论引发的思考

可转换债券丰富的融资机理和多变的设计要素,对证券市场调控资金流动,优化资源配置有重要意义。可转换债券作为一种成本较低的融资工具,有利于企业的长期经营。设计合理的可转换债券可以优化企业的财务结构,达到企业融资的目的。因此,对可转换债券融资动机进行研究具有非常重要的意义。本文通过对西方可转换债券融资动机理论分析研究,以期能对我国上市公司发行可转换债券融资有所启发。     

An excellent approximation for the m out of n day provision

The m out of n day provision (MooN) of convertible bonds is difficult to handle. To approximating the MooN better, this paper proposes an approach named the conditional range probability (CRP). CRP is the simulated probability of the MooN being reached within a price range at a future time, conditional on today’s price of the underlying, and can be incorporated into any conventional derivatives pricing method. For a purposely designed exotic call option with a 20 out of 30 day provision, CRP under finite difference is found to outperform significantly several existing approaches and produce a mean pricing error of 1% over a wide range of initial underlying prices for the exotic call. The result implies that finite difference utilizing CRP will yield excellent approximating prices for convertible bonds.     

公司发行可转换债券融资的动机分析

公司使用可转换债券筹集外部资金既是作为普通债券的替代,增加转换特性来降低利息率从而保持现金流量,也是转换条款建立“延迟股权”,通过转换,以高于现行股票的价格出售。本文研究发现,公司发行可转换债券是为了减少由于股东和管理者以及股东和债权人之间冲突所引起的代理成本;为了降低由发行普通债券带来的高额预期财务危机成本和普通股发行中经常出现的严重负面公告效应;以及在投资者和管理者对公司面临的风险认识不同时,使其价值不易受公司风险变化的影响。     

基于矩阵分区的可转债投资价值及其投资策略分析

可转换债券作为一种混合型的金融衍生工具,其性质中同时存在着债性和股性。本文采用可转债的债券价值溢价率和转换溢价率两个指标,将目前市场中的可转债划分为三个区域,分别讨论它们的投资策略,以期为投资者提供投资的依据。     

The pricing of credit risk derivatives

This paper considers the pricing of derivatives that protect holders of corporate bonds from a reduction in their value because of a deterioration in their credit quality. These derivatives are structured as either puts on the bond price or calls on the bond spread (above the risk free rate) in the context of models developed by Merton (1974) and Black and Cox (1976). The pricing properties of these options are derived using both analytical and numerical methods.     

审计失败对公司债券发行定价的传染效应——基于共同审计师的视角

审计失败会对客户公司产生负面影响,并且可能波及拥有共同审计师的公司。基于共同审计师视角,选取2007—2022年公司债数据,实证检验审计失败在债券发行定价中的传染效应。研究发现,当发生审计失败后,拥有共同审计师的关联公司债券发行定价显著提高,即审计失败对债券发行定价具有传染效应,经过多种稳健性检验后结论依旧成立。机制检验表明,风险信息传递、低质量会计信息是审计失败产生传染效应的作用机制。进一步研究发现,当聘用学历较高或具有行业专长的审计师、投资者面临风险更小、投资者保护更好时,传染效应有所减弱。     

可转换债务发行动机研究综述

长期以来,从事财务实务工作的人员一直认为,企业发行可转换债务的主要动机是可转换债务相比直接债务或普通权益,其筹资成本更为低廉。然而,Brennan和Schwartz指出,这是一种错误的想法。由于可转换债务附有转换权,因此其成本事实上可能并不低廉。这就意味着企业之所以发行可转换债务一定还有其他的理由,可转换债务发行动机的理论研究证实了这一点。     

Optimal multiple stopping models of reload options and shout options

The reload provision in an employee stock option entitles its holder to receive one new (reload) option from the employer for each share tendered as the payment of strike upon the exercise of the stock option. The number of reloads allowed can be finite or infinite. The shout feature in a call option allows its holder to reset the option's strike price to the prevailing stock price upon shouting. We explore a symmetry relationship between the price functions of the employee reload options and shout call options. When the dividend yield of the underlying stock is zero, the value of the employee reload option can be expressed in terms of the price functions of a shout call option and a forward contract. For an employee reload option with an infinite number of allowable reloads, the payoff of the employee reload option can be related to the lookback feature of the stock price process. We also examine the optimal exercise policies of the multi-reload employee stock options. The behavior of the critical stock price at which the holder should exercise optimally is shown to depend on the relative magnitude of the dividend yield, interest rate and volatility. Our analysis of the multi-reload and multi-shout options contributes to the literature on optimal stopping policies of contingent claims with multiple stopping rights.     

上市公司可转债发行动机分析——基于控制权收益视角的实证研究

为了探讨股东控制权收益对上市公司可转债融资行为的影响,本文以2006-2011年我国发行可转债上市公司和增发上市公司为研究样本,运用logistic回归分析方法分析所选变量对可转债发行动机的影响。研究发现:第一大股东持股比例、每股净资产和每股收益三大指标分别与是否发行可转债显著正相关。     

The stock–bond comovements and cross-market trading

We propose an asset pricing model with heterogeneous agents allocating capital to the stock and bond markets to optimize their portfolios, utilizing the dynamic interaction between the two markets. While some agents focus on the stock market and have more expertise in it, the others specialize in the bond market. Based on their comparative advantages in a particular market, heterogeneous agents constantly revise their investment portfolios by taking into account the time-varying stock–bond return comovements and the changing market conditions. Agents׳ collective investment behavior shapes the stock–bond interlinkage, which feedbacks on their subsequent capital allocations. Using monthly US stock and bond data from January 1990 to June 2014, we estimate the vector autoregression model with threshold and Markov switching mechanisms. We find evidence in support of flight-to-quality and show that it is mainly driven by the technical traders who actively sell stocks and buy bonds during periods of high market uncertainty.     

Contingent capital,capital structure and investment

We examine the interaction between investment and financing policies in a dynamic model for a firm with existing assets-in-place and a growth option, of which investment cost is financed with equity and contingent convertible bonds (CoCos). We attempt to clarify how CoCos impact on investment timing, capital structure and inefficiencies arising from debt overhang and asset substitution. We show that there is a conversion ratio (the fraction of equity allocated to CoCo holders upon conversion) to eliminate the inefficiencies. Our conclusions predict that debt leverage decreases with investment option payoff factor and the average appreciation rate of the cash flow. In contrast to traditional corporate finance theory saying that a firm's value decreases globally with business risk, our model indicates that it might first decrease and then increase with asset volatility.     

Corporate tax,financial leverage,and portfolio risk

We examine the theoretical implications of corporate income tax for a risky portfolio in a aggregate-endowment economy. In this model, corporate income tax affects the portfolio risk associated with the rebalancing motive during market clearance. An asset is defined as a portfolio of stocks and bonds whose portfolio weights are similar to financial leverage. Corporate tax can decrease after-tax consumption from dividends (increase leverage) and increase the tax shield that increases dividends (decrease leverage). Changes in dividends are responsible for the correlation between expected dividend growth and consumption growth and, thus, affect stock pricing and returns. Overall, the model is characterized by tax-induced portfolio risk associated with financial leverage.     

中国企业债券特征与风险补偿

利率风险、信用风险、流动性风险是债券市场上常见的风险类型,而债券的特征可以直接或间接地反映这些风险。本文通过分析中国企业债券市场上的债券发行量、已发行时间、债券期限、息票利率、收益率波动性、久期、凸性、到期收益率等债券特征对债券定价的影响,实证检验这些债券特征与债券风险及风险补偿的关系。本文的分析结论认为,这些债券特征显著地影响企业债券的定价,它们与利率风险、信用风险和流动性风险有显著关系,其中对企业债券信用风险的影响最大。流动性风险未被合理定价,低流动性债券未能获得显著的风险补偿。     

我国上市公司可转换债券发行的财富效应研究

本文运用事件研究方法对可转换债券的发行是否具有财富效应进行了实证分析,结果表明我国上市公司可转换债券的发行不具有明显的财富效应。这一结果与国外的多数相关研究有较大差别,本文对此进行了探讨。     

Quantitative evaluation of contingent capital and its applications

A new type of bank regulatory capital, known as contingent capital, has emerged in tandem with discussions on the BASEL III regulatory framework but there is a lack of consensus on a standard valuation approach among those proposed so far. We think that the practical solution is to be able to price these instruments seamlessly and consistently with other existing derivatives. We propose a novel and practical ⿿convertible bond approach⿿ which is theoretically consistent with existing frameworks such as Black⿿Scholes and is conceptually and technically similar to the pricing models already being used in practice for convertible bonds and hybrid securities. Such a model is reasonable as all of these asset classes are hybrid equity-credit instruments and share many characteristics. Also, contingent capital through its unique mechanisms such as principal loss absorption, presents interesting risk scenarios which may not be readily apparent or may appear counterintuitive. Contingent capital may thus, at first sight, appear to carry obscure risks but, we show that by taking a careful quantitative approach, we can understand the characteristics of such instruments in a concise manner. Further, for discussing the pricing in terms of characteristics of the issuer, one in turn, needs a concise framework to describe those characteristics in terms of Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) ratio risk. Our framework describes CET1 ratio risk via three intuitive issuer parameters: target, volatility, and resilience. In spite of the exotic risks, an investment decision in contingent capital can be justified if a sufficient return is expected in compensation. In this paper, we present a valuation method based on hurdle Sharpe ratios that has direct implications for investment decision making in the context of expansion of investor's efficient frontier. We also demonstrate the usefulness of our framework as a daily pricing tool for market participants using empirical market data.We appreciate helpful comments from an anonymous referee and the editors of North American Journal of Economics and Finance. The view expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect views and policies of Nomura Securities.     

Characteristics of firms that issue convertible debt versus convertible preferred stock

This study examines the characteristics of firms that issue convertible debt versus firms that issue convertible preferred stock. The findings are consistent with the agency, information asymmetry, optimal capital structure, financial distress, and tax benefits hypotheses. The findings also indicate that these two types of convertible securities are used to raise external capital by distinctively different groups of firms. First, convertible preferred stock issuing firms have larger nondebt tax shields and higher levels of financial, operating, and bankruptcy risks than convertible debt issuing firms. Second, firms that issue convertible debt have greater free cash flow (financial slack) and growth potential than firms that issue convertible preferred stock.