Empirical analysis of the integration of environmental risks into the credit risk management process of European banks

About 15 years ago, banks started to integrate environmental risks into their credit risk management procedures. In this article, a survey of the European banking sector focusing on the analysis of the integration of environmental risks into all phases of the credit risk management, rating, costing, pricing, monitoring and work‐out, is presented. The integration of environmental risks into the whole credit risk management process is important because only then is an adequate risk management guaranteed. The results show that banks integrate environmental risks especially into the rating phase, but not in all phases of the credit management process, though this is recommendable because these risks influence all phases of the credit management process. Furthermore, significant differences in integrating environmental risks between banks that are signatories of the UNEP statement by banks on the environment and sustainable development and banks that had not signed this agreement so far could be found. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

Environmental Credit Risk Management in Banks and Financial Service Institutions

How do Canadian banks integrate environmental risks into corporate lending and where are they located compared with their global peers? In this paper we report a mixed method analysis of the integration of environmental risks into the credit management. The qualitative and quantitative analyses suggest that all analyzed Canadian commercial banks, credit unions and Export Development Canada manage environmental risks in credit management to avoid financial risks. Some of the institutions even connect environmental and sustainability issues with their general business strategies. Compared with other countries, Canadian banks are best in class, as all six Canadian commercial banks, comprising over 90 percent of Canadian assets, systematically examine environmental risks for credits, loans and mortgages. We conclude that Canadian banks are proactive regarding environmental examinations of loans and that there is a need for a more accountancy related reporting on environmental risk management in financial institutions. Further research is needed to be able to calculate costs and benefits of integrating environmental and sustainability issues into the credit risk management. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

物流金融业务信用风险体系的研究

由于目前评估方法和标准的不统一使得存货的价值难以和信贷资金相一致,信用风险随之产生。本文通过对几种物流金融业务的信用需求来源、信用风险进行分析,提出相关的信用风险防范措施。     

基于省域视角的信用风险模型适应性分析

巴塞尔新资本协议在鼓励银行采用内部评级法评估信用风险以提取资本准备的同时也强化了各国监管机构对内部评级模型绩效检验与审查的要求.CreditMetrics和CreditRisk+是银行业信用风险评估的基准模型.从建模的数学方法看,CreditRisk+是基于违约的判断,而CreditMetrics则是根据等级变化评价.利用江苏省银监局的相关统计数据对信用风险评估模型进行参数特性审查与绩效检验,结果显示这两类常用模型都可以在江苏的商业银行经营实践中稳定地实现根据信贷组合的实际风险状况进行内部资本配置这一目标.     

How can banks and finance companies incorporate value chain factors in their risk management strategy? The case of agro-food firms

A value chain framework for guiding the financial firms in their credit decisions is urgent, as the current COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted, but missing in the extant literature, particularly for those that lend to industries sensitive to value and supply chain bottlenecks. This study creates knowledge in value chain finance, a big untapped and un-researched market. It constructs, confirms, and validates a value chain framework for assessing risks in lending to Agro and Food Processing firms in which value chain risks are major business concerns globally. To pursue the objectives of the study, we use a novel methodology that integrates the Modified Delphi technique, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and discriminant analysis. Based on testing and analysis of primary data, including loan data, a framework comprising six factors is proposed for use in conjunction with existing risk assessment models of finance companies to improve the quality of their credit decisions, contributing to their performance sustainability.     

商业银行贷款风险及其防范

作为一种经济现象,商业银行贷款风险具有客观性。一直以来,商业银行的不良贷款比率都较高,情况十分不乐观。商业银行贷款风险一方面给商业银行的运营带来了不利影响,一方面还阻碍到了银行经济效益以及市场信誉的提升。因此,为了符合新协议的相关标准,在日益激烈的市场竞争中处于优势地位,商业银行就必须采取措施对贷款风险进行防范。文中从实际情况出发对商业银行贷款风险的相关现状进行了阐述,并在此基础之上分析了造成贷款风险的原因,进一步提出了相关的应对措施。     

Transition matrix models of consumer credit ratings

Although the corporate credit risk literature includes many studies modelling the change in the credit risk of corporate bonds over time, there has been far less analysis of the credit risk for portfolios of consumer loans. However, behavioural scores, which are calculated on a monthly basis by most consumer lenders, are the analogues of ratings in corporate credit risk. Motivated by studies of corporate credit risk, we develop a Markov chain model based on behavioural scores for establishing the credit risk of portfolios of consumer loans. Although such models have been used by lenders to develop models for the Basel Accord, nothing has been published in the literature on them. The model which we suggest differs in many respects from the corporate credit ones based on Markov chains — such as the need for a second order Markov chain, the inclusion of economic variables and the age of the loan. The model is applied using data on a credit card portfolio from a major UK bank.     

谈以信用资产组合的信用风险度量改善我国商业银行的信用风险管理

信用风险的管理是商业银行面对的古老话题。但是随着金融创新和经济体制的变革,信用风险的内涵和外延都在扩融。商业银行的最重要的只能就是风险管理,而信用风险管理又是商业银行风险管理的重中之重。本文首先介绍我国商业银行信用风险管理的现状,之后从企业和银行两个角度介绍信用风险产生的原因。其次本文讲述商业银行如何用信用资产组合的信用风险度量来管理信用风险。最后文章从多方面讨论我国商业银行使用该方法所需要的条件,从而为我国金融和经济体制改革提出建议。     

Credit risk of subsidiaries of foreign banks in CEE countries: Impacts of the parent bank and home country economic environment

In this study, using dynamic panel data, we investigated the influences of the home country economic environment and parent bank condition on the credit risk of foreign banks in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. We concentrated on the international transmission of credit risk through the internal capital market of multinational banks. Our theoretical assumptions follow studies that document how the parent bank condition and home country macroeconomic environment affect lending in subsidiaries in CEE countries. However, our results go one step further. We provide evidence that these relationships are reflected in subsidiaries’ credit risk in CEE countries. Our results suggest that the size and profitability of the parent bank have negative influences, while the liquidity and credit risk of the parent bank have positive influences on the subsidiaries’ credit risk. Moreover, the GDP growth in the parent bank’s country has a negative effect on the credit risk of the subsidiary, while the lending rate and liquidity in the parent bank country cause growth in the credit risk. These results indicate a new channel of international risk transfer from parent bank countries to host countries through foreign-owned banks.     

Experiencing Change in German Controlling – Management Accounting in a Globalized World

Abstract

In this study, I consider the effects of tax risk from tax volatility on the pricing of syndicated debt. Tax volatility is an interesting feature in that managers have some discretion over the risks they take with their tax strategies, which, however, are often harder to monitor for outsiders than risks related to other business activities. Framing my predictions based on the theoretical model developed by Merton [1974], I hypothesize and find that tax volatility is incrementally informative to other priced risks suggesting that tax risks per se are relevant to lenders. Moreover, I find that the results are stronger when the loan contract does not include performance pricing provisions or other restrictions, such as capital expenditure covenants, that protect lenders. This evidence adds to knowledge about the real effects of tax risk.     

Capital accumulation and regulation

This paper sets up a dynamic model that analyzes a bank's capital decision and the impact of this decision on her default risk and lending that affects aggregate output in the economy under regulation. The model shows that even though capital regulation may reduce the default risk of the bank, it may lead to credit crunch, hence the ensuing decline in output in the real sector. Furthermore, it appears that the risk-based capital requirement changes the composition of both liability and asset of the bank's balance sheet.     

基于朴素贝叶斯的供应链金融信用风险预测分析

“供应链金融”是近年来金融机构针对供应链上下游企业提供的一种全新的金融服务．这项业务在金融机构方面也存在一定的风险。针对由贷款企业造成的信用风险,文章利用朴素贝叶斯技术预测申请贷款企业的还款风险．金融机构能据此识别不同企业,并针对不同还款能力的企业制定不同的金融政策以控制和规避金融风险。     

多属性决策方法在商业银行信用风险评估中的应用

决策理论中的多属性决策方法可以直观比较出多家银行所面临的信用风险大小,这对我国商业银行的信用风险监测具有重要意义。以我国具有代表性的四家商业银行作为样本,运用多属性决策方法对商业银行信用风险进行评估,结果表明,多属性决策方法具有科学性和可操作性。     

关于对银行卡风险控制管理的思考

随着银行卡业务的发展,银行卡风险发生的频率越来越高,给银行和持卡人造成的损失也越来越大,因此,对银行卡风险管理的控制就显得尤为重要。文章针对目前的现状,提出了预防银行卡风险的措施和建议。     

Risk aversion and business cycles: An empirical analysis

Unlike investors, who tend to maintain highly-diversified portfolios, private entrepreneurs usually lack access to complete risk-pooling for idiosyncratic risks, thus more directly internalize the cost of volatility. Risk aversion, however, modifies the optimal contract between entrepreneurs and lenders by incorporating the risk premium that entrepreneurs demand for the uninsurable risk: the private equity premium. Consequently, real shocks tend to be amplified as changes in entrepreneurs’ net worth affect the private equity premium and so the rental rate of capital, investment and output. This theoretical framework suggests that economies where the private entrepreneurial sector is a relatively larger, and therefore more vulnerable to uninsurable risk, all else equal, should present higher volatility. I test this prediction by (1) conducting a simple reduced-form analysis that shows that output volatility is negatively associated with the relative importance of the corporate vs. the privately-held sector; and (2) estimating the model's structural parameters. Intuitively, countries where private entrepreneurs are predominant and so risk aversion is likely to impose stronger impacts, positive risk aversion coefficients should be found. Results suggest that risk aversion is empirically more relevant for economies like Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Korea, Mexico and Thailand than for Canada, France, Germany, the U.K. and the U.S.     

三宝电脑公司

三宝电脑（沈阳）有限公司为韩国三宝的全资子公司。2005年5月,韩国三宝本社因资不抵债向政府申请托管,实行破产保护,导致沈阳三宝4 200万美元对母公司应收账款变成呆账,由此将造成包括A银行在内的沈阳四家银行4 845万美元贷款无法收回。本案例采用故事化的表述形式,重现昔日这桩跨国公司破产案在中国所引发的信贷冲击波,以引起国内商业银行对跨国公司信贷风险防范和管理的关注。     

商业银行信贷风险的监督管理途径

深化金融体制改革的背景下,商业银行在发展上需要更好的业务开展与管理活动开展。商业银行在持续经营发展中需要面临多种风险,其中,信贷风险的管理十分重要。商业银行信贷风险的监督管理虽然得到了很多关注,但信贷风险监督管理状况并不良好,信贷风险监督管理层面更是存在诸多不足和问题。论文分析了新时期商业银行信贷风险监督管理的具体状况、存在的具体问题等,并就如何更好地进行信贷风险监督管理提出合理建议。     

数据挖掘在信用风险管理中的应用

本文详细分析了在现代信用风险管理中不同方法对数据质量的要求,并在此基础上提出采用数据挖掘方法改进数据质量、提高计算精度的建议,供我国金融机构信用风险管理之借鉴。     

Measuring Credit Risk of a Bank's Corporate Loan Portfolio Using Advanced Internal Ratings Base Approach

Abstract

The use of technical and advanced approaches in the measurement of credit risk of banks' portfolios has nowadays become a very hot issue. The most recent technical report issued by the Basel Committee in May 2003 has concentrated heavily on the measurement of credit risk using either foundation or advanced Internal Ratings Base (IRB) approaches. This empirical research study attempts to measure credit risk of a bank's corporate loan portfolio, including firms from 10 different Turkish sectors. The monthly observations of the total amount of corporate loans and the total amount of corporate loans at default across various sectors are downloaded from the web page of Central Bank of Turkey (CBT) in a period of 1999-2002. This period covers 47 monthly observations since CBT has captured sectoral corporate loans beginning of 1999. Therefore, the observed sectoral default rates are needed to be simulated to obtain a nicely shaped distribution. Monte Carlo simulation is applied for 1,000 times. Based on the simulated default rates, the expected sectoral default rates are computed. Next, a credit quality rating scale is fitted into sectoral default rates distributions. Finally, the sectoral weights in the whole loan portfolio are multiplied by the expected sectoral default rates matrix, considering cross-sectoral correlations to get the total amount of the bank's credit risk and capital requirement. It is assumed that sectoral monthly default rates are a good representative of the default risk of a sample bank's corporate loan portfolio since no publicly available data on any particular bank's corporate loan portfolio composition exists. Nevertheless, this research may be a good application for measuring the credit risk of banks' corporate loan portfolios using advanced IRB approach.     

农产品物流金融的信用风险评价研究

农产品物流的资金短缺问题成为农产品物流发展的瓶颈,为此农产品物流金融的快速发展也给农产品物流的发展带来了巨大的运营风险。为了评估农产品物流金融的信用风险,文中首先研究农产品生产加工企业参与物流金融业务的必要性及信用风险评价要素,在此基础上建立了农产品物流金融信用风险评价指标体系,并利用层次分析法及模糊综合评价法构建了农产品物流金融信用风险评价模型,最后把理论模型应用于某公司的农产品物流金融信用风险评价,对于实施农产品物流金融业务具有一定的参考价值。