产业协同集聚与制造业企业出口国内附加值率

经过改革开放40年经济的快速发展,中国逐渐步入后工业化社会,其中,产业协同集聚的融合发展已经成为新时代经济高质量发展的重要标志。作为依附于制造业并衍生于其内部的生产工序和环节,生产性服务业发展好坏对制造业企业出口国内附加值率具有重要影响。利用中国制造业微观企业数据,系统研究了产业协同集聚对制造业企业出口国内附加值率的影响及其作用机制。研究结果发现:产业协同集聚显著提升了制造业企业出口国内附加值率;产业协同集聚对东部地区制造业企业出口国内附加值率影响显著,对高能耗类型企业出口国内附加值率影响程度高于中能耗和低能耗类型企业,对国有企业出口国内附加值率影响并不显著,对混合贸易类型企业出口国内附加值率的正向作用要远远大于加工贸易企业与一般贸易企业。影响机制检验表明,产业协同集聚会通过提升成本加成率和促进企业研发创新的方式提高制造业企业出口国内附加值率。研究还发现,法制环境和电子商务应用强化了产业协同集聚对制造业企业出口国内附加值率的正向影响。     

中国出口企业凭什么拥有了较高的生产率?——来自江苏省的证据

已有的研究将发展中国家的出口企业拥有高生产率的原因归结为显著的"出口中学效应".中国出口企业的实际情况则更有可能是在提供了清晰产权激励后,通过规模经济和专业化生产而获得较高的生产率.不仅如此,中国出口企业的"出口中学效应"还受其在全球价值链中位置的影响.基于此,本文首先针对这一问题的解释提出了一个简要的理论分析框架,然后利用江苏省的微观企业数据进行验证,结论显示产权制度安排、市场规模、集聚效应和专业化分工对出口企业生产率有十分重要的影响,"出口中学效应"中出口和生产率之间存在倒U型关系.     

出口、集聚与全要素生产率增长——基于制造业行业面板数据的实证研究

运用DEA-Malmquist指数法测算了2000-2007年我国制造业28个行业的全要素生产率(TFP)及其分解指标,并将出口、集聚与TFP放在统一的框架下分析出口与集聚对TFP及其分解指标的影响。研究发现,制造业TFP年均增长4.3%,其中90%以上是由技术进步贡献的;行业之间的技术进步差距较小,技术效率变化差异较大,而后者是TFP增长差异的主要原因。出口和集聚的相互作用削弱了对TFP增长的影响,即便如此,出口仍显著促进了TFP增长,集聚对TFP及其分解指标均有明显的正向影响。市场化程度是制造业TFP增长和技术进步的最主要影响因素。     

集聚-出口双促进政策的溢出效应——来自出口加工区的微观企业证据

本文以中国52个出口加工区作为集聚-出口政策的分析对象,利用1998-2008年中国工业企业和城市数据,检验集聚-出口双促进政策对企业生产率的影响。研究结果表明:从全国层面看,上述双促进政策对企业生产率有着积极影响,其中出口选择效应随着集聚效应呈现出互补效应;拥有加工区的城市具有更强的集聚、出口溢出效应。但是,集聚-出口双促进政策对企业生产率的影响存在替代效应,这些城市的内部竞争削弱了企业的资源配置效率;出口加工区的成立本身对出口企业生产率有显著的贡献,但加工区内企业并未获得集聚-出口双促进政策红利,集聚政策仍然是企业生产率提高的主要来源。     

地方财政分权、产业集聚与企业出口行为

本文从出口参与和出口规模、出口进入与退出、出口质量和结构三个层次考察地方财政分权对企业出口行为的影响,并引入其与集聚经济的交互作用,讨论基层财政权力下放对集聚出口效应的影响。采用2000—2009年的制造业企业数据,应用二值选择模型、断尾回归和Heckman估计等方法进行研究,基本结论如下:地方财政分权程度的上升,显著提高了当地企业的出口参与和出口规模,动态地看,促进了新企业进入出口市场,减少了退出出口市场的概率;地方财政分权对于发挥集聚经济的"出口溢出"效应有积极作用,且在专业化集聚和多样化集聚中同样存在;地方财政分权程度的提高,不利于出口企业产品质量的提升,同时提高了企业出口上游度,使其更接近产业链上游。     

服务业开放、生产率异质性与制造业就业动态

在扩大服务业开放和就业优先的背景下,本文在异质性企业理论框架下构建了服务业开放通过国内市场竞争效应、要素替代效应和出口扩张效应影响制造业企业就业的理论模型,继而利用1998-2013年中国工业企业数据进行实证检验.研究结果表明,与理论预期一致,服务业开放对制造业企业就业的影响存在显著的生产率异质性,其促进了低生产率企业的就业破坏和高生产率企业的就业创造与就业净增长,同时还促进了低生产率企业的市场退出.对四类典型垄断性服务行业的进一步分析表明,通信业和金融业开放能够显著影响制造业企业的就业动态,而铁路和航空运输业开放的影响效应较弱.最后,本文还发现服务业开放通过其引发的企业间就业再配置改善提升了制造业整体生产率水平.总的来说,本文肯定了服务业开放可以作为中国制造业就业有效配置和质量升级的开放新动力.     

成渝地区双城经济圈协同创新发展现状与对策

成渝地区双城经济圈的建设对于当前形成国内大循环的经济发展新格局具有重要的战略意义。本文以成渝地区制造业与生产性服务业协同集聚为研究对象,以城市层面的全要素生产率作为城市高质量发展的衡量指标,利用成渝地区16个城市2005-2018年数据,构建动态面板模型,采用系统GMM的方法实证检验成渝地区双城经济圈制造业与生产性服务业协同集聚对成渝地区城市全要素生产率的影响,并基于DEA-Malmquist的方法对城市全要素生产率进行分解,通过对产业协同集聚和全要素生产率水平的测算构建模型,并实证检验了产业协同集聚对生产率影响的效果,提出通过平台共建、政策共通、市场共融以及人才共用等方面建立一体化协同发展体系推动成渝地区双城经济圈协同创新发展。     

中国制造业出口企业是否存在绩效优势——基于不同产业类型的检验

本文基于2005-2009年中国工业企业数据,构建了反映制造业企业经营绩效的生产率指标、规模指标和财务指标体系,区分高技术、中高技术、中低技术和低技术四种产业类型,采用PSM方法,全方位对比了新出口企业与相匹配的非出口企业的绩效优势.研究发现,中国制造业出口企业整体上不存在“自选择效应”和“学习效应”,低生产率企业出口倾向更高,出口带来了显著的就业扩张效应和收入提高效应,但并未带来生产率的提高和资产回报率的改善;区分不同产业类型来看,中高技术出口企业存在显著的“学习效应”,绩效表现明显优于其他类型企业,低技术出口企业绩效表现最差.基于本文的研究,提出如下政策建议:一是稳步推进外贸结构升级;二是将中高技术产业作为培育中国出口竞争优势的重点领域;三是加大对高技术产业自主创新的支持力度.     

中国出口企业的“生产率悖论”与“生产率陷阱”——基于2008年中国制造业企业数据实证分析

在Melitz提出从企业异质性角度分析生产率对出口影响以后,国内学者运用实证检验认为我国制造业企业出口存在"生产率悖论"即出口企业的生产率低于未出口企业,也检验得出出口企业存在"生产率陷阱",即出口对企业生产率具有阻碍作用。本文首先提出一个数理模型研究企业出口与生产率的相互联系,再运用2008年中国工业企业数据库实证检验"生产率悖论"与"生产率陷阱",并讨论它们存在的原因,为了使结论更加可靠,本文对出口企业与国内企业分别进行了全国、分行业、分省份的实证检验。最后在模型分析与实证检验的基础上提出我国出口制造业企业走出"生产率陷阱"的途径。     

政府补贴、资源误置与制造业生产率

政府对部分企业进行补贴,会影响企业的市场进入、退出和规模,导致资源在企业之间的误置,不利于制造业生产率.本文用1998—2007年我国工业企业面板数据,研究政府补贴的资源误置效应对制造业生产率的影响及微观机制.从生产率的分解上看,我国制造业中存在企业之间的资源误置效应,对制造业生产率具有负面作用.实证研究发现,政府补贴是导致这种资源误置的重要因素,补贴会改变市场的广延边际和集约边际,导致资源在受补贴企业和未补贴企业之间的误置,降低制造业的生产率,并且这种资源误置效应在国有资本比重高的行业中更严重.具体来看,广延边际方面,补贴阻碍了市场进入和市场退出,受补贴企业相对于未补贴企业的市场进入和市场退出概率均较低;集约边际方面,补贴有利于受补贴企业扩大生产规模,并挤出未补贴企业的市场份额.本文的启示在于,政府补贴需要在一般均衡框架下考虑其对企业动态和资源配置的影响.     

Trade and technology adoption

This paper endogenizes firms' choices of production technology in what would be a standard Melitz model otherwise. The responses of firms' productivity to trade liberalization are heterogenous: exporters, on average, improve their level of technology adoption, whereas nonexporters downgrade their level of technology adoption. The degree to which firms adjust production technology depends on domestic market size, export destination market size, trade impediments, and export status. The conflicting empirical results of the impact of trade liberalization on exporters' productivity are rationalized by showing that changes in different trade costs (variable vs. fixed costs) affect firms' productivity differently. We calibrate the model's parameters to match firms' characteristics in the global economy. The results indicate that endogenous productivity increases the gains from trade liberalization.     

Foreign sourcing and exporting

The aim of this paper was analysing the role of sourcing intermediate inputs internationally on export decisions and distinguishing whether intermediates are sourced from firms belonging to the same business group or from independent suppliers. To analyse firms' export decisions, we use a specification that also accounts for sunk costs and accumulated experience in export markets (i.e., export market learning). We consider that importing intermediates might have direct and indirect effects (operating through enhanced productivity) on the export participation decision. The direct effects on exporting are isolated once we control for productivity and the effects of belonging to an international group. We use a manufacturing panel data set drawn from the Spanish Survey on Business Strategies (ESEE) for the period 2006–14. Both productivity and inward or outward FDI increase the probability of exporting. Moreover, our results uncover the existence of sunk costs and export market learning, and also the relevant role played by intermediate imports in firms' export choices. Their effects act both through the (indirect) channel of enhancing firms' productivity and through a direct effect related to product upgrading, more competitive selling prices or learning from the firm's import experience.     

Market knowledge: Evidence from importers

Previous firm‐level literature established that there are substantial costs of entry into new export markets. Chaney (The American Economic Review, 104, 2014, 3600) opens the black‐box of entry costs by building a dynamic network model of international trade where firms acquire customers in new destinations through their existing customers in other destinations. Following his conjecture, this paper examines whether firms use their existing suppliers in a destination to find their first clients in those markets. I use a disaggregated data set on Turkish firms' exports and imports for the 2003–08 period, and investigate the effect of import experience on export entry. By identifying import experience using instrumental variables, and shutting down productivity channels with firm‐year fixed effects, I find that having a supplier in the destination country raises the probability of starting to export to that country by 5.5 percentage points on average, revealing a “market knowledge” phenomenon. The paper's main contribution to the literature is finding that firms' country‐specific import experience increases the likelihood of export‐market entry. Digging further to explore heterogeneous effects, I find that this effect does not exist when trading with low‐income countries, but it increases with the destination country's size, proximity, language similarity and the size of its Turkish immigrant community. Moreover, the strength of the firm's relationship with its supplier as proxied by several variables such as the share of imported products that are differentiated increases the probability of export‐market entry.     

Capital structure and speed of adjustment in non-financial firms: Does sharia compliance matter? Evidence from Saudi Arabia

This study investigates the effect of sharia compliance status on firms' capital structure decisions and speed of adjustment in non-financial firms in the Saudi Arabian market from 2005 to 2016. It finds that sharia compliance plays a significant role in determining capital structure decisions. Specifically, sharia-compliant firms have significantly lower levels of leverage and slower speeds of adjustment as measured by both book and market proxies of capital structure than non-sharia-compliant firms, owing to the multiple restrictions to which they are subject, which limits their financing channels. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to compare the effect of sharia compliance on firms' capital structure speed of adjustment towards the trade-off theory target leverage ratio.     

Relationship between tourism and economic growth

The main goal of this paper is to determine whether tourism activity stimulates economic growth. The study indicates the main variables affecting tourism activity and shows a feedback effect between income and tourism. Findings indicate that tourism not only supplies necessary funds to finance firms' activities, but also stimulates the local firms' productivity and creates new job opportunities that increase the country's welfare. Variables that have important effects on tourism activity, such as entrepreneurship and prices have also been considered.     

Technology gap,imported capital goods and productivity of manufacturing plants in Sub-Saharan Africa

This paper uses firm-level data from Ghana, Tanzania and Kenya to examine the effect of capital goods imports on domestic firms' productivity, and the role firms' technology gap plays in aiding the transmission of knowledge embodied in capital goods to domestic firms. The results show that increasing imports of capital goods and closing technology gaps have positive effects on productivity. Furthermore, domestic firms with technology standards farther from international best practices benefit more from capital goods imports. The results also imply that trade liberalization policy aimed at eliminating tariffs on capital goods will significantly improve the performance of technically incompetent firms in the African manufacturing sector.     

Productivity and Effectiveness in Service Firms

Service firms are facing pressures which are leading them to seek increases in productivity. While attempts to increase productivity in goods-producing organisations seldom affect customers, such attempts in service firms are very likely to impinge upon customers' perceptions of the service. The need for service firms' marketing personnel to be involved in the assessment of the impact of attempts to raise productivity is thus clear. Furthermore, the need to assess the impact of increases in productivity on the firm's effectiveness rather than in traditional efficiency terms is emphasised.     

Chief executive officers' dispositional optimism,host country's rule of law,and foreign market equity mode choice of Ghanaian small and medium‐sized enterprises

Despite a growing interest in the influence of managerial characteristics on firms' strategic decision‐making process, scholarly knowledge is limited with regard to how and when psychological attributes of executives affect firms' foreign entry mode decision. Building on behavioral decision‐making theory, we address this gap by investigating the effect of chief executive officers' (CEOs') optimism on firms' foreign market equity mode choice. In addition, we examine the moderating influence of the host country's rule of law on this relationship. Using primary data from 227 small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) in Ghana, we found that increases in the levels of CEOs' optimism are related to the increases in preference for equity entry mode. This relationship is amplified when CEOs perceive the host country to have stronger rule of law. The findings have theoretical, managerial, and policy implications for SMEs' foreign market entry mode strategy.     

Trade and foreign direct investment-related impacts of Brexit

We offer a general-equilibrium analysis of Brexit incorporating the state-of-the-art differences in productivity and firms' selection within manufacturing sectors à la Melitz (Econometrica, 2003, 71 , 1695) and multinationals in services. Our results suggest that trade, output and average productivity diminish across most sectors in the UK and the Rest of the European Union (REU), as well as GDP, welfare, wages and capital remuneration. However, the UK loses more due to the missing preferential access to the huge EU market. Significant welfare losses along the extensive margin occur in the UK due to the lost imported varieties produced by highly productive European firms. These cannot be compensated by the new varieties of less productive domestic firms that enter the British market due to increased protectionism and reduced import competition. In addition, the emergence of barriers against multinationals, which is often ignored in previous studies, explains approximately one third of the negative effect in both the UK and REU. Furthermore, we show that the Brexit impact is about only half if we do not include both foreign direct investment barriers and Melitz structure. Thus, previous studies without these important model features would underestimate the Brexit impact significantly.