公平视角下的中日两国碳排放责任研究

文章核算了1995-2011年中日两国"生产者"原则、"消费者"原则、"共同分担"原则下的碳排放总量及行业碳排放量,并运用基尼系数的"相对剥夺"对三种原则下的公平性进行分析,得出"共同分担"原则的碳排放公平性最高。在此基础上构建了"共同分担"原则的细分模型,比较了生产碳、国内消费碳及国外消费碳的动态变化。研究结果表明:三种原则分担的碳排放量,中国均高于日本。"消费者"原则下的日本对中国的相对剥夺系数最小,碳排放责任最大;"生产者"原则下的中国对日本的相对剥夺系数最小,碳排放责任最大。"共同分担"原则下,中国排放的CO2是日本的3.29倍。其中,两国中间投入及满足国内需求的生产碳大于国内消费碳大于对方国分担的碳;中国的生产碳及消费碳大于日本的生产碳及消费碳;中国为日本分担的碳小于日本为中国分担的碳。把责任分配到行业,对方分担本国的碳排放责任主要集中在机械制造业、主要金属及压延业,化工、塑料、橡胶业,交通设备制造业,电气、光学设备业,其他非金属矿物制造业。     

试论侵权责任法归责原则体系

侵权责任归责原则是《侵权责任法》的核心内容,合理的侵权责任归责原则体系有利于对《侵权责任法》的整体理解和把握,有利于正确运用权利的救济法。我国《侵权责任法》确立了过错责任原则、过错推定责任原则以及无过错责任原则,这一体系是科学、合理、完整的归责原则体系。     

关于合同责任系统的探讨

合同过程分为成立、生效、履行和履行完毕四个阶段。与此相对应 ,合同责任分别有三种样态 :先合同责任 ,即合同生效前之订立阶段的缔约过失责任和成立后至生效前的效力过失责任 ;合同中责任 ,即合同生效后至履行完毕前之违约责任 ;合同履行完毕后之后合同责任。这三种合同责任样态以诚实信用原则为理论基础。共同构建合同责任系统。     

论电子认证机构侵权责任之归责原则

针对电子认证机构在履行电子认证服务合同时对证书信赖人应当承担责任的定性上,学术界有三种观点：违约责任说、侵权责任说、专家责任说。该责任适用何种归责原则,学术界有无过错责任原则说和过错推定原则说,本文在分析论述不同观点的基础上,明确了我国电子认证机构应当对证书信赖人应当承担侵权责任,适用过错责任原则,并采用举证责任倒置的方法。     

浅析环境民事责任中的无过错责任原则及其完善

在环境侵权损害赔偿民事责任中,无过错责任取代过错责任原则从而得到法律的确认,无过错责任原则产生的基础,以及在环境侵权中确立无过错责任原则的进步性和局限性,提出归责原则完善的建议,以过错责任为主,兼采过错责任,公平责任和风险责任。     

中国贸易隐含碳排放与责任分担:产业链视角下实例测算

本文改进投入产出(IO)模型推导行业部门生产、消费、出口、进口和净出口不同统计口径的隐含CO2计算公式,利用能源实物消耗量及排放系数直接测算行业部门碳排放量,然后计算分析我国29个行业部门贸易平衡条件下贸易隐含碳,再以行业产出增加值为指标确定产业链上下游行业的碳排放责任分配比例,构建国际贸易碳排放共担责任分配模型,测算代表性行业CO2排放在生产者和消费者共担责任原则下可能结果。研究结果证实我国2007年出口和净出口隐含CO2排放量占比都较大,金属冶炼及压延加工业、交通运输仓储和邮政业、化学工业三个行业在共担责任原则下有约30%责任应该由国外消费者承担。本文最后提出建议:中国等发展中国家应加强合作,倡导建立新的CO2排放责任分担原则及具体测算指标体系;中国需要转变对外经济发展方式,实现"绿色"贸易发展模式。     

论产品责任的归责原则

产品责任归责原则是构建产品责任法律制度的核心与基础，现代社会产品责任归责原则应采用严格责任。在对我国产品责任归责原则理论及实践中的问题进行分析、探讨的基础上，提出若干完善我国产品责任归责原则的立法建议，以期对完善我国产品责任法律制度有所裨益。     

基于经济法基本原则的考量——漫谈经济法的社会责任原则

通常意义上来说,经济法是在整体上对商品经济关系进行全面、系统、综合调整的法律。根据不同学者对经济法研究的角度不同,在对经济法原则进行阐述的相关学说也就多种多样。所谓经济法的社会责任在社会实践中基本上是指企业的社会责任,这是具有片面性的思想。不过,在以经济法为研究的领域范围,大多数的学者还是把经济法的社会责任理解为一种保障社会公众利益的法律。因此,文章在许多理论的研究下,出于对经济法基本原则的考量,从经济法的含义、特点、调整的目标等方面入手,深入地探讨社会责任原则的科学性。     

对无过错责任原则的再思考

文章主要探究无过错责任原则的相关法律问题。着重阐述该原则的定义及构成要件、适用原则等,对法律规定的几种特殊侵权行为进行比较研究,将无过错责任与一般过错责任、混合过错责任、推定过错责任加以区别,以便加深对无过错责任原则的理解和认识。     

知识产权侵权行为归责原则适用

本文论述了侵权行为归责原则及其在知识产权侵权行为中的适用,分析了主张知识产权侵权行为适用无过错责任原则这一观点产生的原因,并阐明了知识产权侵权行为应适用过错责任原则的观点。     

企业社会责任价值创造的机理模型研究

本文提出一种新的企业社会责任价值创造机理模型。该模型分为内生机制和外生机制两个部分,内生机制在外生机制的影响下,通过责任意识-责任心理-责任能量-责任力量-责任行为-责任绩效-责任智慧形成闭环,在责任主体与利益相关方的动态博弈过程中,依靠责任管理,最终实现了责任价值创造。该机理模型构建了一种新的理论框架,有助于进一步厘清企业社会责任对企业价值的影响,提高企业履行社会责任的积极性,取得经济效益和社会效益的全面提升。     

媒体广告经营的社会责任

媒体广告经营部门不仅要追求经济效益,还需要承担社会责任,经济效益与社会责任并不矛盾,两者的和谐统一,会形成良性循环,促进媒体长期可持续发展。本文以中央电视台广告经营为例,具体分析了媒体如何承担行业责任,推动行业成长;如何承担经济责任,助推经济发展;如何承担社会责任,促进社会进步。     

Corporate Social Responsibility in the International Banking Industry

This article aims at providing a framework to assess corporate social responsibility with international banks. Currently, it is mainly rating institutions like EIRIS and KLD that provide information about firms’ social conduct and performance. However, this is costly information and it is not clear how the rating institutions arrive at their conclusion. We develop a framework to assess the social responsibility of internationally operating banks. We apply this framework to more than 30 institutions and find significant differences among individual banks, countries, and regions. Furthermore, it appears that social responsibility of these banks has significantly improved between 2000 and 2005.      

Understanding Corporate Social Responsibility and Product Perceptions in Consumer Markets: A Cross-cultural Evaluation

The concept of corporate social responsibility is becoming integral to effective corporate brand management. This study adopts a multidimensional and cross-country perspective of the concept and analyses consumer perceptions of behaviour of four leading consumer products manufacturers. Data was collected from consumers in two countries – Spain and the UK. The study analyses consumers’ degree of interest in corporate responsibility and its impact on their perception about the company. The findings here suggest a weak impact of company-specific communication on consumers’ perception. The implications of this study are relevant to companies for strengthening their social responsibility associations with the consumers. Dr. Jaywant Singh is Senior Lecturer at Kingston University, London where he teaches consumer behaviour and international marketing. His research interests include customer loyalty, product variants, new brands, corporate social responsibility, and consumer panel data. He received his PhD in marketing in 2004. Dr. Maria de Mar Garcia de los Salmones is Lecturer at University of Cantabria (Spain). Her current research interests include corporate social responsibility, brand image and consumer behaviour. She received her PhD in business administration in 2002. Dr. Ignacio Rodriguez de Bosque is Professor of Marketing at the University of Cantabria (Spain). His current research interests include Business Communication, relationship marketing and distribution channels. He has published in several international journals such as Tourism, Management, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services and Industrial Marketing Management.     

污染转移的法学解读

文章首先说明了国际污染转移问题的严重性,然后对污染转移的定义进行了法学意义上的解构,对污染转移的概念、途径、本质进行了分析,进而研究了污染转移中的责任问题,最后提出政策建议以供我国政府有效应对污染转移问题。     

Corporate Social Responsibility in the Supply Chain: An Application in the Food Industry

The food industry faces many significant risks from public criticism of corporate social responsibility (CSR) issues in the supply chain. This paper draws upon previous research and emerging industry trends to develop a comprehensive framework of supply chain CSR in the industry. The framework details unique CSR applications in the food supply chain including animal welfare, biotechnology, environment, fair trade, health and safety, and labor and human rights. General supply chain CSR issues such as community and procurement are also considered. Ultimately, the framework serves as a comprehensive tool to support food industry practitioners and researchers in the assessment of strategic and operational supply chain CSR practices.     

中国区域碳减排责任及碳减排潜力研究

针对国内区域间贸易产生的"碳泄漏"问题,在区域间贸易的框架下采用多区域投入产出模型,依据生产者和消费者共担责任原则分析中国各区域的碳减排责任和分行业的区域碳减排责任的差异,并将碳减排责任与碳减排效率相结合研究区域的碳减排潜力。结果表明:区域碳减排责任和碳直接排放量存在不一致现象,碳减排责任能更全面准确地测算各个区域的碳排放量;中部和东部沿海区域的碳减排总责任分列全国第一、二位;中部、西南和北部沿海区域的碳减排潜力最大,应作为今后碳减排的重点实施区域。     

The influence of sharing versus self-use on the preference for different types of promotional offers

Sharing, which refers to giving something you have to someone else, is one of the most ubiquitous forms of human behavior in the world. Everyone experiences it in various situations, including buying food. Nonetheless, although buying something to share with others is quite common in our daily lives, most consumer research on buying focuses on the condition of “self-use” rather than “sharing.” The main purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of promotional offers on consumers' purchase decisions when buying food for self-use/sharing with others. The authors conducted four experiments to answer the main research questions. The results indicated that consumers prefer “price discounts” over “bonus packs” when the shopping task relates to self-use due to their concern about “loss reduction.” In contrast, they prefer bonus packs over price discounts when the shopping task relates to sharing with others because of their focus on “extra gains.” In addition, consumers’ perceived responsibility is a moderator. When perceived responsibility is low and the purchase is for self-use (sharing with others), price discounts (bonus pack) are favored over bonus packs (price discounts). However, when perceived responsibility is high, consumer preference to promotional offers are not significant different either in self-use or sharing with others condition. It seems that role of responsibility is influential when the shopping task relates to self-use. This study not only contributes to a deeper understanding of consumer psychology but will also be beneficial to practitioners in designing effective promotional strategies that consider motives for food shopping.     

国外商业银行社会责任的良好表现与借鉴

总体上,就企业社会责任(CSR)的实际表现而言,我国商业银行与国外同行相比,还存在不少差距.我国商业银行社会责任价值观存在某种弱化趋势,这一问题可能会最终影响其市场竞争力和可持续发展.文章探讨了国外商业银行在社会责任方面的良好表现,并结合我国商业银行实际提出了一些改进意见.     

Corporate Social Responsibility as a Signalling Device for Foreign Direct Investment

A rise in CSR (corporate social responsibility) has accompanied rise in foreign direct investment (FDI) to developing countries in the 1990s. CSR may be serving a signalling function when the entering firm is of an unknown type. Although countries are now competing keenly to attract foreign firms, even so, excessive tax or excess transfers by firms can still cause a Prisoner’s Dilemma structure to the payoffs resulting in an inefficient Nash equilibrium. CSR allows the accommodating firm to reveal its type, making cooperation the equilibrium outcome. The game differs from standard models since signalling changes the payoffs. A unique separating equilibrium exists where only the accommodating firms signal. But, under certain parameter values, a pooling equilibrium where all firms signal, becomes possible. A number of results are derived including the size of CSR expenditure required as a fraction of profits. An example demonstrates their relevance in practical situations.