民营科技企业技术创新风险评估

民营科技企业的技术创新是指从设想提出到产品销售的整个过程。在企业技术创新过程中,由于各种不确定性因素的影响,企业或因对外部因素估计不足,或因对创新过程无法控制,造成企业技术创新过程的风险性。在综合分析民营科技企业技术创新过程中存在的各种不确定因素的基础上,建立了技术创新风险评价的指标体系及指标评分办法,并给出了风险评价的具体操作程序。     

企业自主技术创新风险的影响因素研究

企业自主技术创新存在很大的不确定性,对企业自主技术创新风险进行全面分析,有助于企业更好地进行风险管理。本文从企业自主技术创新的系统风险和非系统风险两方面,分别研究了系统风险中的环境风险和社会风险的影响因素,以及非系统风险中的技术风险、市场风险、管理风险、生产风险和财务风险的影响因素,从而为企业自主技术创新的风险管理奠定基础。在此基础上,结合铱星公司创新失败的案例,分析了各风险因素在企业自主技术创新过程中的重要程度。     

企业技术创新风险预警指标研究

分析并提出了企业技术创新风险预警系统及指标体系,采用AHP方法和模糊分析法并结合实例论证了该指标体系在企业技术创新风险预警中的可行性;指出应综合运用风险转移、风险回避等相关措施以规避并有效控制企业技术创新过程中的各种风险。     

基于FCE-AHP的企业技术创新风险评价研究

技术创新是企业发展的动力,并且存在一定的风险,技术创新项目的选择是非常重要的.本文作者查阅了相关资料,找出了技术创新各种风险因素,并建立了相应的指标体系,采用模糊综合评判和层次分析法分别评价技术创新项目的风险等级,可为决策者的风险决策提供科学的依据.     

基于风险/收益综合评价的企业技术创新项目决策研究

作为技术创新的主体,企业的技术创新风险评价能力与风险决策水平是企业规避技术创新风险和企业实现战略目标、增强竞争力的重要因素,对技术创新项目的风险/收益指标综合评价更增强了风险决策的科学性和合理性.本文在分析了技术创新风险构成因素之后,提出应用风险/收益综合评价法进行技术创新风险评价与决策,并给出了风险/收益综合评价的一般准则.     

企业技术创新风险的模型分析

文章根据技术创新组合及其风险理论,引入了环境、资源、市场以及企业技术基础、战略协同、管理等因素,构建了技术创新风险数理模型。分析发现:在比较静态下时间贴现率、现有经济运行状况分别对技术创新具有负向、正向效应;动态分析发现宏观环境、政府技术政策、消费者和竞争环境、企业战略思想利于降低企业技术创新风险。企业的技术和物资基础等条件越高,对后续技术创新要求更高,增加了技术创新的难度和风险。基于模型分析结论,对政府、企业给出了对应的建议。     

技术创新产出弹性结构分析——基于面板数据聚类分析和偏最小二乘回归

利用2000—2010年我国29个省级行政区大中型工业企业技术创新投入和产出的相关数据,运用面板数据聚类分析法,根据各省级行政区的技术创新综合实力,将29个省级行政区分为7类。运用偏最小二乘法测度了7类区域的技术创新产出弹性,并分析了回归模型的精度。得出如下结论:在分析期内,关键的技术创新产出及其重要影响因素存在较明显的地区差异;多数地区大中型工业企业的研发能力和科技成果转化能力普遍较强,但国际竞争力仍偏低;专利产出和发明专利产出具有几乎相同的弹性结构;除了私营企业集中的地区以外,专利主要体现为发明专利;经费投入是影响技术创新产出的最重要因素,而人员投入的影响相对较弱。最后,根据所有地区的共性和个性表现,就提高企业技术创新绩效提出相应的对策建议。     

技术创新产出弹性结构分析——基于面板数据聚类分析和偏最小二乘回归

利用2000—2010年我国29个省级行政区大中型工业企业技术创新投入和产出的相关数据,运用面板数据聚类分析法,根据各省级行政区的技术创新综合实力,将29个省级行政区分为7类。运用偏最小二乘法测度了7类区域的技术创新产出弹性,并分析了回归模型的精度。得出如下结论:在分析期内,关键的技术创新产出及其重要影响因素存在较明显的地区差异;多数地区大中型工业企业的研发能力和科技成果转化能力普遍较强,但国际竞争力仍偏低;专利产出和发明专利产出具有几乎相同的弹性结构;除了私营企业集中的地区以外,专利主要体现为发明专利;经费投入是影响技术创新产出的最重要因素,而人员投入的影响相对较弱。最后,根据所有地区的共性和个性表现,就提高企业技术创新绩效提出相应的对策建议。     

中小企业技术创新的风险及防范

技术创新是企业发展的根本动力,创新风险是制约和影响企业技术创新的重要因素。尤其是中小企业,与大企业相比要承担更大的创新风险。本文在分析我国中小企业技术创新面临的诸多风险的基础上,提出了几点具体的风险防范对策。     

企业技术创新风险评价指标体系研究

技术创新是当今企业生存和发展的源动力,是企业生命的源泉,但也是一项利润与风险并存的活动。企业技术创新的风险性是指企业所从事的某项技术创新能否获得成功的不确定性。这是由于企业技术创新是在未知的新领域中进行探索。受到许多可变因素的作用。因此,企业要进行技术创新,对其风险进行评价是必不可少的步骤。如果对企业技术创新风险进行合理的、有效的评价,则必首先建立一个正确的、全面的风险评价的指标体系。本通过分析企业技术创新风险来源及其种类,得出企业技术创新风险评价的指标体系,并对定性指标采用语言变量和模糊数方法进行定量化,然后与定量指标一起进行处理。最后指出了各评价指标权重系数的确定方法。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

Information infrastructure: Who builds broadband networks?

This paper examines the essential difference between the U.S. and Japan, when one considers information infrastructure. There are seven perception gaps between the U.S. and Japan concerning Information Infrastructure policies. These gaps must be understood in order to compare the countries' governmental policies in this area. In looking at the present circumstances, the essential question to answer concerns who is to build, own and operate the network(s) of the infrastructure. Liberalization is certain to be a central factor in the ongoing telecommunications debates. Now that customers have had a taste of the liberalized market-place, the movement toward more open markets will be difficult to stop. When considering options, it is necessary to pay close attention to standardized network access and the increasingly important role software plays. These issues are causing us to take a new approach to the traditional role played by regulators. They also force a closer look at the appropriate structure of utility companies. This paper addresses the above issues in hopes of stimulating dialog on the new telecommunications infrastructure paradigm.     

海岛地区产业演替及资源基础分析--以舟山群岛为例

改革开放以来,舟山市产业构成发生了显著变化,其经济发展过程可以划分为三个阶段。1992年前,是以产业结构渔业占绝对地位的单一结构阶段;1993—1998年,以旅游业为主的第三产业快速发展阶段;上世纪末以来,又进入了新一轮的经济发展时期,即工业产值比重快速增加阶段。根据海岛的自然资源基础和特点,在新世纪的经济发展过程中,舟山市应定位为生态型的港口旅游城市。以港口及临港工业为主导,以海岛旅游和海洋经济为特色,大力发展第二产业和第三产业。海岛地区的主导产业应体现海岛资源优势及区位优势,以集群性环保型产业为主。同时由于海岛地区淡水资源缺乏,主导产业也应着重选择低耗水型产业。     

风险视角下企业治理结构和研发创新——基于委托代理模型的研究

本文基于委托代理模型,从风险的视角研究企业治理结构对研发创新能力的影响。本文构建了一个包含创新活动的委托代理模型进行理论分析,利用动态DEA 模型测算创新能力,并使用2015-2018年我国上市制造业企业数据进行实证检验。实证部分检验了理论结论:委托代理问题不利于企业提升研发创新能力,且客观风险和主观风险厌恶会加剧该负面影响。基于此,本文认为上市企业应根据企业自身研发活动特点有针对性地改善企业治理结构,提出了适当延长代理人任期、推动股权激励计划、提升代理人的风险承担能力等建议。