资本账户开放对货币市场稳定性的影响——基于PSTR模型的全球比较证据

资本账户开放深刻改变了经济金融体系运行的内外部环境和机制。一国货币市场利率既受到该国通货膨胀、产出、失业和货币贬值等内部因素的冲击,又受到美国货币市场利率、美元汇率、美国金融稳定和金融市场波动等外部因素的冲击。货币市场利率在受到各种内外部冲击后的反应程度(弹性)能够反映货币市场的稳定性。基于56个国家(地区)从1996年1月至2015年9月的面板数据,文章运用面板平滑转换回归(PSTR)模型研究了资本账户开放对货币市场稳定性的影响。研究发现,当资本账户完全封闭时,货币市场非常不稳定;当资本账户基本封闭时,货币市场比较不稳定;在资本账户由基本封闭向初步开放转变时,货币市场很不稳定;随着资本账户由初步开放向基本开放或者完全开放的转变,货币市场的稳定性不断提高。     

资本账户开放对货币国际化的影响:基于制度环境视角

文章运用系统广义矩估计(SGMM)方法,从制度环境视角实证研究了资本账户开放对货币国际化的影响,并进一步考察了不同制度环境下,不同类型跨境资本放松管制对货币国际化影响的异质性。结果显示:第一,在考虑制度环境的背景下,资本账户开放对货币国际化的影响存在门槛效应,即当制度质量较低时,资本账户开放并不利于货币国际化进程的推进,随着制度质量的提高,资本账户开放对货币国际化的影响由负变为正;第二,不同类型跨境资本放松管制对货币国际化的影响方向不同,且随着制度环境的变化,这一影响效应的变化也各不相同,在制度环境较差的情形下,直接投资开放程度的提升不利于货币国际化水平的提高,制度环境的改善则可以降低这一负向效应甚至可能产生显著的正向效应,证券投资开放程度提升对货币国际化的影响与直接投资相反,而金融衍生品投资开放对货币国际化的影响则不显著。因此,中国在推进资本账户开放和人民币国际化的进程中,应不断加强国内制度环境建设,保持制度质量的提升与资本账户开放进程相协调、相匹配,同时审慎放松对不同类型资本的管制。     

《资本账户开放内涵及定义的探讨》

由于资本账户交易的复杂性,关于资本账户开放,国际上没有严格统一的权威定义,对相关概念进行辨析后可以发现,常见的资本账户开放定义有一定的欠缺。资本账户开放可定义为"持续地避免对资本跨货币区边境的交易进行各种直接和间接的限制"。     

浅议我国资本账户的开放

资本账户开放在促进一国经济增长、分散风险和促进货币国际化方面具有重要作用,但同时也可能造成金融安全问题。中美贸易摩擦对我国资本账户开放提出了新的挑战,我国也在遏制摩擦带来的冲击同时,稳定审慎有序地推动资本账户开放的进程。     

资本账户开放度、货币政策独立性与汇率制度选择:三元悖论还是二元悖论?

现有关于资本开放的研究多聚焦于资本项目自由化、利率及汇率市场化顺序的探讨,却忽视了资本开放顺序对货币政策独立性的影响。实际上,实现资本项目自由化的同时能否保持货币政策逆周期调控的效力,决定了货币当局对危机的反应能力,更是一国能否开放资本账户的关键条件。有鉴于此,文章首先采用状态空间模型测量出中国的实际资本开放度,随后利用引入含有交互项的回归模型评价不同汇率制度下,资本账户开放度对货币政策独立性的影响差异,主要得出以下三点结论:第一,汇率制度变迁不会动摇资本开放对于货币政策独立性的影响,因此汇率市场化和资本项目自由化不存在必然的先后顺序;第二,考虑近期全球避险情绪高涨,现阶段二元悖论与中国经济的实际运行状况更加吻合;第三,受国际不稳定因素影响,近期不宜加快资本账户开放,这可能会诱发产出调控失灵、资本泡沫膨胀以及系统性金融风险。     

发展中国家资本账户开放的国际经验与借鉴

资本账户开放是发展中国家突破自身经济发展瓶颈的合理选择,同时也是经济全球化发展的必然趋势。选取"金砖五国"中的印度和俄罗斯,东南亚国家中的印尼和泰国,以及拉美国家中的智利和墨西哥作为案例研究对象,并进行比较分析,总结提炼出发展中国家资本账户开放的十点国际经验及其启示。     

资本账户开放对全要素生产率的影响:考虑金融危机因素的跨国实证研究

文章借助83个国家1996～2011年数据,并基于拓展的"处理效应"模型将资本账户开放可能引致金融冲击这一因素纳入资本账户开放影响全要素生产率的检验模型,重点考察了资本账户开放对一国全要素生产率增长率的整体影响。实证结果表明:虽然资本账户开放增加了经济体出现系统性银行危机的概率,进而对一国加总的生产效率造成一定的负面冲击,但是资本账户开放会更多地通过改善国内金融市场上资本的配置效率促进全要素生产率的提升。总体而言,在考虑金融危机因素的情况下资本账户开放影响经济体全要素生产率的净效应显著为正,以Kaopen指数衡量的资本账户开放程度每增加1个单位,全要素生产率增长率提高约0. 638%。在我国传统的资源驱动型经济增长模式难以为继的情形下,进一步扩大资本账户开放对实现从资源投入转变为生产率提高的经济增长有重要作用。     

人民币资本账户开放的改革顺序研究——基于TVP-VAR模型的期限结构分析

人民币国际化的改革目标要求中国在综合考虑金融改革的背景下,统筹安排资本账户的开放顺序。文章通过运用时变参数向量自回归模型(TVP-VAR),实证配套金融改革之间的影响关系与宏观影响。研究结果显示,利率及汇率改革会显著增强跨境资本流动对货币价值的冲击,因此资本账户开放不宜置于改革末期。综合三项改革的影响作用,在以宏观稳定为首要目标、经济持续增长为次要目标的情况下,研究结论认为"利率市场化——资本账户部分开放——汇率市场化——资本账户完全开放"是最适宜人民币资本账户开放的改革顺序。     

人民币资本账户开放的改革顺序研究——基于TVP-VAR模型的期限结构分析北大核心CSSCISSCI

人民币国际化的改革目标要求中国在综合考虑金融改革的背景下,统筹安排资本账户的开放顺序。文章通过运用时变参数向量自回归模型(TVP-VAR),实证配套金融改革之间的影响关系与宏观影响。研究结果显示,利率及汇率改革会显著增强跨境资本流动对货币价值的冲击,因此资本账户开放不宜置于改革末期。综合三项改革的影响作用,在以宏观稳定为首要目标、经济持续增长为次要目标的情况下,研究结论认为"利率市场化——资本账户部分开放——汇率市场化——资本账户完全开放"是最适宜人民币资本账户开放的改革顺序。     

资本账户开放的门槛效应及路径研究

文章基于70个国家面板数据,实证检验了开放资本账户的增长效应。研究结果表明,资本账户开放具有国别差异,高收入国家开放资本账户的增长效应显著大于中低收入国家。在引入制度质量、货币政策、财政政策、对外开放度和金融发展5个初始条件指标建立动态门槛模型,研究发现,资本账户开放对经济增长的影响是非线性的,初始条件较低时资本账户开放不利于经济增长,当初始条件越过门槛值后,资本账户开放表现出积极的增长效应。结合跨境资本异质性和门槛效应,进一步发现开放直接投资的门槛最低,经济效应最大;开放债务投资的门槛最高,经济效应最小;开放股权投资的门槛效应介于前二者之间。经验分析为中国资本账户开放条件以及路径提供了参考。     

FDI promotion through bilateral investment treaties: more than a bit?

Policy makers in developing countries have increasingly pinned their hopes on bilateral investment treaties (BITs) in order to improve their chances in the worldwide competition for foreign direct investment (FDI). However, the effectiveness of BITs in inducing higher FDI inflows is still open to debate. It is in several ways that we attempt to clarify the inconclusive empirical findings of earlier studies. We cover a much larger sample of host and source countries by drawing on an extensive data set on bilateral FDI flows. Furthermore, we account for unilateral FDI liberalization, in order not to overestimate the effect of BITs, as well as for the potential endogeneity of BITs. Employing a gravity-type model and various model specifications, including an instrumental variable approach, we find that BITs do promote FDI flows to developing countries. BITs may even substitute for weak domestic institutions, though probably not for unilateral capital account liberalization.     

制度质量与利率市场化——来自跨国数据的实证研究

本文采用16个发展中国家和经济转轨国家24年的跨国数据,运用面板数据模型检验了制度质量在利率市场化中的作用,结果发现:那些制度改革比较成功的国家,其利率市场化改革的绩效较好;而那些没有进行产权制度改革,或者产权制度改革不成功的国家,其利率市场化改革的绩效较差。本文认为,这一发现可以为中国的利率市场化改革提供重要启示。     

Macro Economic Determinants of Antidumping: A Comparative Analysis of Developed and Developing Countries

This study examines how macro factors influence the use of antidumping in developed and developing countries. A panel data analysis of 99 countries over 1980–2000 reinforces the view that the primary jurisdiction for the antidumping law is really more political than economic. Furthermore, it suggests that once the WTO is fully enforced, the use of antidumping will spread among developing countries not only due to greater liberalization pressures but also as many countries would like to create an antidumping ability so as to counter its use against them. This may reverse the trade gains that liberalization may ensure to them. This paper thus calls for the granting of the special and differential treatment to developing countries in this provision. Finally, based on its findings, the paper argues that future negotiations should be directed toward revising safeguard rules and replacing antidumping by this new clause.     

Financial Globalization in Botswana and Nigeria: A Critique of the Thresholds Paradigm

Since the Asian financial crises, economists are more circumspect in their advocacy of ‘financial globalization’. A new consensus emerged which contends that increased financial liberalization and capital account openness may only produce economic benefits when countries are open to trade and have good institutions and policies in place. This paper critically reviews this consensus, which we term the ‘thresholds paradigm’, through a survey of the available literature and a comparative case study of two African countries that have undertaken financial and capital account liberalization: Nigeria and Botswana. The paper argues that the thresholds paradigm leaves important theoretical and policy-related questions unresolved, in particular, the origins of good institutions and policies. Further, while at first glance the paradigm appears to capture the divergent outcomes of financial globalization policies in Nigeria and Botswana, a deeper investigation reveals important factors that are neglected and occluded. The paper concludes that economists need to be more methodologically ambidextrous and must integrate institutional factors in their theoretical frameworks in order to better understand the outcomes of ‘financial globalization’ and to provide useful policy advice to developing countries contemplating financial reforms in the future.     

Determinants of Taiwan's Trade Liberalization: The Case of a Newly Industrialized Country

This paper attempts to account for the success of policy reform in Taiwan's trade liberalization through an investigation of the periods 1986–92, and 1992–95. The objective is to undertake an empirical examination of Haggard et al.'s (The political feasibility of adjustment in developing countries. Development Centre of the OECD, OECD, Paris, 1995) strategies for minimizing the political costs involved in implementing policy reforms. Empirical evidence supports the Haggard et al. arguments, that is, indirect compensation is used to facilitate the implementation of trade liberalization for downstream industries, while the speed of trade liberalization within certain specific industries is comparatively slow. Furthermore, in a democratic regime, the pressure brought to bear by well-organized domestic interest groups, along with the pressure from international interest groups, can strongly influence the pattern of trade liberalization policies.     

Economic Liberalization and the Computer Industry: Comparing Outcomes in Brazil and Mexico

Market liberalization has been carried out by many developing countries in the hopes of stimulating trade, investment and technology transfer. In order to analyze the impacts of liberalization on a specific industry sector, this paper compares the experiences of Brazil and Mexico in liberalizing the computer industry in the 1990s. The authors conclude that liberalization leads to lower prices and more rapid diffusion of computer use throughout the economy, but at a cost to domestic computer firms who were harmed by foreign competition. Both countries saw an increase in computer production, but Mexico's production was mainly for export to the United States, while Brazil was producing for the domestic market. The differences between outcomes in the two countries have been determined more by environmental factors than by the nature and pace of liberalization.     

China's WTO Commitments in Agriculture and Impacts of Potential OECD Agricultural Trade Liberalizations*

After accession to the WTO, China's agriculture is affected by the implementation of its WTO commitments and will be impacted by any multilateral liberalization (actions by the rich OECD economies in particular) resulting from the Doha negotiations. Using the actual commitment data, our computable general equilibrium simulation results show that China's WTO commitments will lead to increased agricultural imports and slightly declined outputs in China. The resulting efficiency gains will be negated by terms‐of‐trade losses, leading to quantitatively small welfare impacts. Furthermore, sectoral results depend critically on correctly representing the more complex policy measures, such as the tariff rate quotas. The negative output effects on Chinese agriculture can be alleviated/reversed if the rich OECD countries commit to reform their agriculture policies. The present paper concludes that trade liberalization should be carried out in both developing and developed countries. Reforming the latter will be particularly helpful in easing the problems facing those developing countries that are carrying out ambitious trade reforms.     

Trade liberalization and income inequality: The case for Pakistan

Trade liberalization policies have been adopted by many developing countries to increase economic growth and reduce poverty. While the positive relationship between trade liberalization and economic growth is generally well accepted, the impact of trade liberalization on poverty and income inequality is still unclear. The objective of this paper is to use real data and real trade agreements of the state of Pakistan, to examine the predictions made by trade models about the impact of trade liberalization on income inequality. To illustrate, the impacts of several alternative bilateral and regional free trade agreements are simulated on household income and income inequality in Pakistan. The results show that trade liberalization does not always lead to a decline in income inequality in the short run. Trade agreements that do improve income equality, favor agriculture and often hinge on a decline in urban and non-farm household income. In the long run, changes in income equality are more positive, suggesting that efforts might best be applied towards improving the mobility of labor and capital.     

GATS自然人流动自由化进程缓慢的法律成因

自然人流动是发展中国家在服务贸易中具有比较优势的领域,对包括中国在内的发展中国家的意义重大。本文对GATS框架下自然人流动自由化进程缓慢的法律成因进行了详细分析,从中我们不难发现促进自然人流动进一步自由化的道路是何等的曲折和艰难。