常德市土地利用空间格局变化及驱动力分析

1997～2004年,湖南省常德市土地利用现状和空间特征入手,对比,各类土地利用空间格局的数量变化、结构变化和景观特性,可以看出:常德市土地利用变化的主要特征是林地、水域、建设用地面积的增加而耕地相应的减少;利用相关分析方法,分析了土地利用空间格局变化的主要驱动因子,揭示人口增长、农村经济发展、城建扩张、土地管理政策是常德市土地利用变化的主要驱动力。     

青海高原东部低碳土地利用变化预测

土地利用变化预测对土地资源科学规划与利用、区域可持续发展具有重要的意义,以土地利用低碳发展为导向,采用遗传算法构建土地利用变化模型,就青海高原东部海东市土地利用结构变化进行了模拟研究。结果表明:基于遗传算法的低碳土地利用优化预测方案比现有的土地利用规划方案,土地的净碳储量有显著增加,同时有利于耕地保护,抑制了建筑用地的快速扩张。因此,基于遗传算法的低碳土地利用变化优化模拟,为青海高原东部区域土地资源合理规划与利用提供了优化方案与决策依据。     

城市土地集约利用变化的动力机制分析

城市土地粗放低效利用和土地供求紧张的并存,使如何提高城市土地利用集约度迫在眉睫.未来20年,我国将处于城市化快速发展阶段,城市土地需求将处于旺盛时期.通过对城市土地集约利用变化和作用机制的研究,将有助于从城市土地集约利用变化的根源分析问题.在简要介绍城市土地集约利用变化的基础上,分析了城市土地集约利用演变的动力和作用机制,以期为促进城市土地集约利用程度的提高提供参考.     

浙江省城镇土地利用结构熵值变化分析

随着我国城镇化进程的加快,城镇土地利用结构动态发生了变化.为提高城镇土地利用的合理性、科学性,引入信息熵值,定量描述2009年和2010年浙江省11个地级市的城镇土地利用变化情况.采用对比分析和因素分析法,深入探究近年来城镇土地利用变化方向及原因.结果表明:城市发展的成熟度、产业结构的稳定性、政策变化的频繁度和城镇土地利用有序度之间成正相关关系.     

基于GIS的云南保山西庄山地流域土地利用变化研究

对1982,1991,1998年云南保山西庄山地流域土地利用图利用GIS技术进行了处理,分析了土地利用程度变化值和土地利用动态度。结果显示:西庄河流域土地利用以林地为主;林地、灌草地和耕地相互转换最为频繁,年变化率分别为6.94%、4.75%和2.99%;茶园的变化最小;综合土地利用变化动态度为1.91%;在土地利用方式的变化中,国家政策是最强有力的影响因子,相反,人口增长没有直接影响到土地利用变化。     

密云县土地利用变化遥感功态监测研究

采用遥感与GIS相结合的技术对密云县土地资源进行遥感调查,绘制了1994、1998年和2002年密云县土地利用现状图和变化图,得到密云县1994-1998年、1998-2002年土地变化情况及土地利用转移矩阵.并简要分析了这8年间密云县土地利用的变化情况,结果表明:从1994-2002年,密云县土地利用变化呈现出林地面积持续增加、耕地面积不断减少、密云水库面积明显减少的特点.分析结果可以为密云县土地可持续利用提供有效的决策支持.     

延吉市土地利用变化及驱动力分析

土地利用变化及驱动力是目前全球变化研究的前沿课题,对于揭示土地利用时空变化机制和建立土地利用变化预测模型起到关键作用。本文选择延吉市作为研究区域,以Landsat卫星TM遥感数据为基础数据源,结合社会、经济、技术因素,分析了1997-2007年间延吉市土地利用变化及驱动力。结果表明,经济发展、城市化进程是延吉市土地利用变化的主要原因和基本驱动力。延吉市今后应进一步加强土地规划管理,统筹安排土地用途,推进土地信息系统和国土数字化建设,为土地资源可持续利用和生态环境保护提供决策支持。     

基于信息熵的城市土地利用结构演变分析——以武汉市为例

借助城市土地利用空间结构的信息熵和均衡度概念,对1991-2004年武汉市城市土地利用结构的变化进行分析,根据信息熵和均衡度的变化趋势归纳出该时期武汉市城市土地利用结构变化可以分为3个阶段.在对武汉市城市土地利用结构信息熵和均衡度分析的基础上,分析影响城市土地利用结构变化的因子,得出影响武汉市土地利用结构变化的3个主成分:反映城市经济状况以及社会福利、反映城市产业结构变化、反映城市化水平以及人口密度,从而为城市土地利用结构的调整提供参考.     

芜湖市土地利用及其结构变化分析

分析了芜湖市土地利用现状,对近年来土地利用结构的变化特点及其原因进行了探讨;针对芜湖市土地利用中存在的问题,提出了合理利用土地资源的对策。     

新疆伊宁市土地利用数量结构变化研究

以新疆伊宁市为研究区域,分析了1996-2004年伊宁市土地利用数量结构变化特征,并引入土地面积"变化贡献率"和"年均变化强度指数"两项指标,对伊宁市农用地、建设用地、未利用地的数量结构变化趋势及其主要成因进行了深入剖析,从而有助于从整体上把握伊宁市土地利用数量结构时空动态变化规律,为新一轮土地利用总体规划修编提供决策参考.     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Evaluating Alternative Policy Responses to Higher World Food Prices: The Case of Increasing Rice Prices in Madagascar

Higher world food prices have led many developing countries to adopt policies to mitigate the impact on low-income households. This article sets out a partial equilibrium framework to evaluate the efficiency, distributional, and revenue implications of alternative policy responses. The model is applied to evaluate tariff reductions and targeted transfers in Madagascar. Although lowering tariffs generates substantial efficiency gains, these accrue mainly to the top half of the welfare distribution, and poor net sellers are actually worse off. Developing a system of targeted direct transfers to poor households is likely to be a substantially more cost-effective approach to poverty alleviation.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。