Have large budget deficits caused increasing trade deficits? Evidence from a developing country

This paper investigates the relationship between budget and trade deficits on the basis of previous empirical work. Within the framework of cointegration analysis, error-correction modeling and Granger causality, the paper evaluates the validity of the Keynesian proposition (conventional view) and the Ricardian equivalence hypothesis. The error-correction modeling approach supports the Keynesian proposition in the short and long run. The empirical evidence reveals one-way causality from budget deficit to trade deficit.     

The relationship between budget deficit and interest rates in South Africa: some econometric results

This article investigates the budget deficit–interest rate relationships in South Africa, using two econometric methods: the London School and the Granger‐causality methods. The results suggest that budget deficits have no effect on interest rates in South Africa. The causality results reinforce this finding by indicating that budget deficit and interest rates in this country are independent.     

Budget deficits and real interest rates: Updated empirical evidence on causality

Using error-correction model (ECM) estimation, the paper empirically examines the causality relationship between the federal government budget deficit and the ex ante real interest rate yield on high grade long term tax free municipal bonds in the U.S. To clarify this deficit or interest rate relationship, the budget deficit is measured by the primary budget deficit, which excludes net interest payments by the Treasury. In a model that includes federal personal income tax rates and net international capital flows, as well as money supply growth, the ECM estimates strongly suggest a bi-directional relationship between the primary budget deficit and the ex ante real interest rate yield. Budget deficits apparently do matter! William Simon's concerns were justified.The author is indebted to P. A. V. B. Swamy for ideas and helpful suggestions and Will Perry for data assembly and processing.     

贸易失衡的根源:汇率还是经济结构——基于美国案例的实证分析

本文基于协整理论、Granger因果检验、脉冲响应函数等时间序列处理技术对美国经济结构、财政赤字、汇率与其贸易收支之间的动态关系进行了实证检验。检验结果表明:长期内,实体经济占比的增加会改善贸易收支,虚拟经济占比、财政赤字增加会恶化贸易收支,而汇率水平对于贸易收支的影响不显著;短期内,实体经济占比、虚拟经济占比对贸易收支的影响与长期相一致,财政赤字则相反,而汇率水平的上升在短期内导致贸易盈余的增加,但弹性值有变小的趋势。其政策的含义在于:影响美国贸易收支的主要因素来自其财政赤字及其国内经济结构,即实体经济与虚拟经济创造GDP的比例关系,而非汇率因素。因此,只有通过协调其国内实体经济与虚拟经济的发展,减少财政赤字,收缩储蓄-投资缺口才可以有效地调节贸易失衡问题,而不能一味地强调汇率因素。     

Government budget deficits,nominal andex ante real long-term interest rates in the U.K., 1960:1–1990:2

This paper explores the impact of government budget deficits on the U.K. nominal and ex ante real long-term interest rates over the period from 1960:1 to 1990:2 utilizing an open and closed economy IS-LM model. An open economy IS-LM model indicates that nominal and ex ante real long-term interest rates are affected by the expected rate of inflation, the real money stock, the real government budget deficit, the real government spending, and the real balance of trade.The evidence presented suggests that increases in the U.K. budget deficits do contribute significantly to increases in nominal and ex ante real long-term interest rates. This implies that rising nominal and ex ante real long-term interest rates, as a result of high government budget deficits, would crowd out private investment and deter capital formation and long-term economic growth.     

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOURISM AND TRADE IN SOUTH AFRICA

This article explores the relationship between tourist arrivals and trade in South Africa. Two analyses were conducted – a panel data analysis, which included tourism and trade data of 40 countries with South Africa, and a time‐series analysis that involved South Africa's main tourism and trade partners. Cointegration tests, Granger causality and Block exogeneity tests were used to investigate the nature of the relationship. The results of the panel data analysis show that for South Africa as a whole, there is indeed a long‐term relationship between tourist arrivals and trade, and that bidirectional causality exists. The results for the country case studies are mixed, although the evidence is stronger for the hypothesis that tourism causes trade.     

中国能源消费与出口贸易关系实证研究

本文运用格兰杰因果关系检验以及脉冲响应和方差分解方法,分别对中国能源消费与出口贸易之间的因果、动态以及定量关系进行了深入研究。研究发现:中国能源消费与出口贸易之间存在从出口贸易到能源消费的单向因果关系,出口贸易波动将对能源消费产生持续较大的影响,出口贸易对能源消费具有较强的依赖性。     

Capital flows and exchange rates: recent Korean and Taiwanese experience and challenges

We first study the characteristics of the financial crisis and its impacts on Taiwanese and Korean economies. We have examined 22 macroeconomic fundamentals, such as GDP, inflation rates, government budget, trade balance, external debt, money supply, and ratios of average monthly imports and cumulative inward portfolio investment to international reserves, and compared with an extensive data set of the two countries. The comparisons point out that the macrofundamentals of both countries are basically the same, except the international finance sector. After defining currency crisis and banking crisis, the causes of crises are identified as the nominal exchange rates and the short-term external debt-to-international reserves ratios. In view of this, we use cointegration and causality tests to examine the relationship between these two time series. We have found a unidirectional causality from the short-term debt ratio to the exchange rate for Korea, but no causality between the two for Taiwan. The paper ends with some discussions on the lessons and challenges from the experience of the two countries.     

How dependent is the Chinese economy on exports and in what sense has its growth been export-led?

This paper studies the interaction between foreign trade and domestic demand and supply in China's economic transformation. It compares China's export dependency with other economies using input–output analysis. The paper also conducts econometric analysis of provincial level data to examine causality between the growth of foreign trade and components of domestic demand, and causality between the growth of foreign trade and total factor productivity. The main message is that China's export dependency is significantly lower than implied by the headline exports-to-GDP ratio. Moreover, the contribution of export to economic growth in China came mainly from its impact on total factor productivity growth from a supply perspective rather than its multiplier effect from a demand perspective. This relationship was found to be stronger in the more developed coastal areas than in the less developed inland areas.     

Tail Causality between Crude Oil Price and RMB Exchange Rate

In this paper we assess the causal relationship between international crude oil price changes and the RMB exchange rate using daily information from 21 July 2005 to 5 April 2017. In addition to linear causality tests, we employ quantile causality test to identify prior imperceptible causality in quantiles. We find a causal relationship from crude oil price to exchange rate at each quantile interval, but the reverse only appears in tail. This may help to explain why a traditional linear test fails to capture the causality from exchange rate to crude oil price as the quantile causalities in tails are canceled out by each other. Moreover, using RMB as the settlement currency in crude oil trade can weaken the prior significant causal relationships between crude oil price and exchange rate, whereas the reform of exchange rate marketization reignites the tail causalities from exchange rate to crude oil price. These findings recommend a wider use of domestic currencies in crude oil trade to avoid risk from the crude oil market.     

The dynamic linkages between current account deficit and budget balance deficit in the South Asian region

The issue of twin imbalances is at the forefront of fiscal policy concerns in the South Asian region, fuelled by an ever-going budget deficit and current account deficit over the last five decades. A standard approach is to assume a model in which budget balance influences the current account. We relax this assumption by using a panel data vector autoregression model comprising five South Asian countries. The results show that both budget deficit and current account deficit are mutually causative, which contrasts the unidirectional causality running from fiscal deficit to current account deficit found in prior studies. Further, this bi-causality relationship is also demonstrated in the impulse response analyses. Budget balance in South Asian economies responds positively to a one standard deviation positive shock in the current account balance. Likewise, external balance increases to a one standard deviation positive shock in internal balance. Higher fiscal debt impedes economic growth, which in turn impacts negatively on the budget balance. Our findings lead us to reject 'fiscal policy only' recommendations to address the twin deficits.     

宁波高新技术产品出口与出口贸易关系的协整分析

本文引用协整分析和Granger因果检验法,利用宁波1995～2004年的年度数据检验了宁波对外贸易与经济增长协整关系和因果关系,实证结果表明:宁波高新技术产品出口与出口贸易之间存在唯一的协整关系,而且两者之间存在着互为因果的反馈性关系。     

对外贸易与经济增长的协整及因果关系检验——对安徽省1981～2005年数据的实证分析

为了研究区域经济发展中对外贸易与经济增长的关系究竟是怎样的,选取了安徽省1981～2005年进口、出口和GDP的数据,利用协整和Granger因果关系检验进行了实证分析,结果发现三者之间在长期存在着唯一的动态均衡关系,进、出口贸易与经济增长之间存在单向的因果关系,而出口与进口存在着互为因果关系。然后,在实证分析的基础上提出了相应的政策建议。     

跨国外包的承接与我国技术进步关系的实证分析—基于VECM的长、短期因果关系检验

国际贸易是技术进步的一条很重要的途径,而跨国外包作为国际贸易的一种新形式是否会影响我国的技术进步是值得关注的一个问题。本文在向量误差修正模型的基础上,检验了中国跨国外包的承接和技术进步之间的长、短期因果关系。我们发现,跨国外包与技术进步存在长期稳定的关系,从长期来看,跨国外包对技术进步的促进作用并不显著,但技术进步是促进跨国外包的原因;从短期来看,跨国外包是促进技术进步的原因,技术进步不是促进跨国外包的原因。     

我国服务贸易与经济增长关系研究

服务贸易在对外贸易中的作用越来越重要。对1982—2011年相关数据进行协整检验和Granger因果检验,发现服务贸易进出口与我国GDP之间的关系不对称：服务贸易进出口是我国GDP增长的Granger原因,而GDP增长只是服务贸易进口的Granger原因,世界GDP总量是服务贸易出口的Granger原因,这说明我国服务贸易出口增长更多得益于全球经济增长。     

我国金融服务业FDI与其贸易之间关系的实证分析

近几年我国金融服务贸易发展虽为迅速,但是逆差较大,贸易国际竞争力较低,与此同时,随着我国金融业对外开放,金融服务业利用外资的规模也不断扩大。针对这一现实,本文从外商直接投资对国际贸易的影响出发,利用回归和Granger因果检验法,对二者的关系进行了分析。结果发现,金融业FDI与其进出口两者之间存在十分显著的正相关系,但却不存在显著的因果关系,基于分析结果提出了相关的政策建议。     

FDI、对外贸易对中部经济增长影响的实证分析

本文利用中部地区1993年至2007年年度样本数据,应用协整理论及格兰杰因果关系检验等现代计量经济学方法,定量分析了FDI、对外贸易和经济增长之间的动态关系。结果表明,中部地区经济增长在短期内与对外贸易互为Granger原因,而外商直接投资在短期内与中部经济增长不构成Granger因果关系;经济增长对对外贸易的波动冲击表现出较大的正向效应,而FDI由于地区因素的影响,作用较小,同时方差分解也表明对外贸易在中部经济增长预测误差的方差贡献度中所占比重最大。     

日本对华农业直接投资与中日农产品贸易的关系研究

日本是中国重要的农产品出口市场和农业外资来源国之一,研究中日之间农产品贸易与直接投资的内在联系,有助于深化对双边农业经贸关系的认识。本文利用格兰杰因果关系检验法对中日农产品贸易与直接投资的关系进行了研究。结果表明,对日农产品出口、从日农产品进口和贸易总量与日本对华农业直接投资之间均存在长期稳定的互补关系;FDI和对日农产品出口之间不存在长期和短期的格兰杰因果关系,但FDI对农产品进口具有单向的长期因果关系。     

外商直接投资与中国进出口贸易的区域差异研究——基于省级面板数据的单位根、协整与Granger因果检验

本文基于1987～2004年的省级面板数据,通过面板单位根、协整和Granger因果检验,对国内东、中、西三大地区的外商直接投资与进出口之间的关系进行了系统考察。研究发现:东、中部地区的FDI与进出口之间存在长期均衡的关系,但在西部地区却并不存在协整关系;三大地区的进口均是FDI的Granger原因,但出口并不是FDI的Granger原因;东部地区的FDI很显著地构成了进出口的Granger原因,但这种Granger因果关系在中、西部地区却并不存在。文章结合区域差异结论,从技术溢出的角度重新解释了中国区域经济发展的"马太效应"。     

Trade and GDP Growth: Causal Relations in the United States and Canada

Causal relations between the growth rates of exports, imports, and the GDP of Canada and the United States are studied using the vector error correction (VEC) model. Utilizing time-series annual data (1948-1996), Granger causality tests are performed within the framework of the VEC model. Bidirectional causality is supported for Canada from the foreign sector to GDP and vice versa. A weaker relationship between the foreign sector and GDP is statistically supported for the United States. These results are also supported by comparing the total trade (exports plus imports) shares to GDP of the two neighboring economies. The Granger causality tests suggest that Canada is a more open economy than the United States and more trade dependent.