信息不对称、公司治理与现金持有价值——基于知情交易概率的非平稳面板数据

本文为了研究中国上市公司信息不对称、公司治理和现金持有价值之间的关系,以沪深上市公司2004-2009年数据为基础,利用知情交易概率作为管理者和投资者之间的信息不对称代理变量,以高管持股比例作为公司治理代理变量,利用公司各种财务指标作为控制变量,发现信息不对称与中国上市公司现金持有价值呈显著负相关,高管持股比例和现金持有价值显著正相关,支持自由现金流理论和委托代理理论,信息不对称程度越高,管理者越可能滥用现金,导致现金持有价值下降,而提高公司治理,加强投资者保护可以提高现金持有价值。     

上市公司现金持有水平的影响因素：财务特征、股权结构及治理环境

本文研究了1999—2003年间中国上市公司现金持有水平的影响因素,包括财务特征、股权结构和治理环境。就全部样本来说,我们发现,(1)上市公司的现金持有水平与规模和财务杠杆负相关,与资产周转效率、现金流量、成长性／投资机会、股利支付需要和融资需要等正相关。(2)第一大股东持股比例与超额现金持有水平之间存在着显著的U型非线性关系,外部大股东持股比例与超额现金持有水平之间存在着显著的正相关关系;治理环境基本上与超额现金持有水平之间呈现出明显的负相关关系。同时,我们还根据控股股东性质对四个子样本进行了分析,发现在不同子样本的实证结果之间存在着一些比较明显的差异。     

投资者保护、大股东持股比例与现金持有量

以2005～2011年沪深两市A股391家上市公司为样本研究投资者保护、大股东持股比例和现金持有量的关系,研究结果表明,大股东持股比例与现金持有量间呈倒"U"型关系。进一步按照投资者保护程度的高低对样本进行分组,研究发现,当大股东持股比例小于48%时,投资者保护程度高的组,大股东持股比例和现金持有量呈显著正相关关系;当大股东持股比例大于48%时,投资者保护程度高的组,大股东持股比例和现金持有量呈显著负相关关系。     

上市公司股权结构与现金持有水平关系的实证分析

从公司治理视角出发,以中国上市公司为样本,对股权结构与企业现金持有决策关系进行了理论与实证分析.结果表明,经理人员持股比例、流通A股比例与企业现金持有水平显著正相关;法人股比例、股权集中度与企业现金持有水平显著负相关;第一大股东持股比例与企业现金持有水平正相关,但不显著;国有股比例与企业现金持有水平负相关,但极不显著.     

我国零售业现金持有水平影响因素实证分析——基于面板数据的回归分析

文章以批发零售业上市公司2007～2011年度数据为研究对象,运用面板数据的回归分析法对我国上市公司现金持有水平影响因素进行分析。实证结果显示:财务杆杠、企业成长性、银行负债比例与现金持有水平呈负相关关系,公司规模、现金流量、现金替代物、流动负债比例与现金持有水平呈正相关关系,而管理费用率、大股东持股比例与现金持有水平无显著关系。     

大股东控制、市场化程度与公司现金持有水平

运用2003～2008年我国所有非金融类A股上市公司的样本数据,从大股东控制视角出发,重点关注第一大股东持股比例、实际控制人性质和公司所在地区市场化程度对于公司现金持有水平的共同作用。结果表明,第一大股东持股比例与公司现金持有量水平正相关,实际控制人为国有的比非国有的上市公司的现金持有量高;公司外部治理环境的改善,有助于减轻由第一大股东持股比例以及实际控制人性质对公司现金持有量造成的负面影响。     

纳税信用与现金持有价值北大核心

本文以2015-2019年沪深A股上市公司数据为样本,研究公司纳税信用评级与现金持有价值之间的关系。实证结果显示：纳税信用评级较高的公司现金持有价值更低。机制分析表明,高纳税信用评级发挥了融资效应,通过激励性税收政策缓解了公司的融资约束,降低了公司的现金持有水平。公司现金持有的增加更多反映了管理层的代理动机,而非预防性动机。进一步分析公司的内外部环境,产权性质与诚信度发现,纳税信用评级与现金持有价值的负向关系,在大股东持股比例高、分析师跟踪水平低以及国有企业中更显著;而公司保持一贯的纳税诚信可有效化解管理层代理动机的影响,削弱现金持有边际价值的降低趋势。本文研究结论不仅证实了纳税信用评级的信息效应,也揭示了投资者的理性行为,为公司现金持有价值研究提供新视角。     

我国民营上市公司董事会特征与现金持有水平关系的实证研究

董事会作为公司治理的核心,是影响企业现金持有水平的重要因素之一。文章以2008-2011年间民营上市公司为研究对象,对董事会特征与现金持有水平之间的关系进行了实证研究。结果发现:董事会规模、独立董事比例与现金持有水平存在不显著显著的负相关关系;董事会会议频次与现金持有水平存在显著负相关关系;两职合一、董事长持股比例、董事薪酬与现金持有水平存在不显著正相关关系。     

投资者保护与公司现金持有北大核心CSSCISSCI

本文以2001～2005年沪深两市非金融类A股上市公司作为分析样本,基于终极控股股东行为的视角,研究了投资者保护对公司现金持有水平和现金价值的影响。研究发现,在投资者保护较好的情况下,公司现金持有水平较高,并且现金价值并没有因为公司持有的现金水平较高而降低。我们还发现,投资者保护缓解公司投资不足并且抑制公司过度投资,较高的现金持有水平并非公司资本投资无效率的结果。本文研究结果表明,较好的投资者保护限制了终极控股股东对公司现金资产的滥用和转移,公司所持有的较高水平现金被投资者赋予了较高的价值评估,投资者保护较好的情况下公司持有较高水平的现金并不意味着代理问题更加严重。     

政治关联、多元化经营与现金持有水平

用深沪两市2008~2012年上市公司作为样本,整理政治关联指标、多元化经营指标和现金持有水平的指标及相关的公司财务指标的数据,以此为基础进行实证研究。检验政治关联对多元化经营的影响及政治关联、多元化经营与现金持有水平三者之间的关系。     

Product market competition,ultimate controlling structure and related party transactions

Previous studies have shown that product market competition has an important effect on corporate strategies and internal governance mechanisms. Using a sample of China’s listed firms from 2004 to 2009, we explore the relationship between product market competition and normal related party transactions and find a significant positive relationship. In addition, we investigate the substitutive effect of product market competition and the cash flow rights owned by ultimate controlling shareholders on the extent of normal related party transactions. In particular, our results suggest a positive relationship between the ultimate controlling shareholders’ cash flow rights and normal related party transactions that is strongest in noncompetitive industries and weakens as product market competition increases.     

Cash holdings of listed and unlisted firms: new evidence from the euro area

This paper examines the cash holdings behavior of listed and unlisted firms. We argue that unlisted firms, which are smaller, face a greater wedge between the cost of external and internal finance and as a result they need to rely more on the later. Relying on internal funds means that firms have a precautionary motive to hold cash. We test our theory using an unbalanced panel of mainly small medium enterprises within the euro area over the period 2003–2017 paying special attention to the role of financial pressure, financial constraints and the recent financial crisis. Our findings reveal that unlisted firms hold more cash than their listed counterparts due to precautionary motives. In addition, when considering the effect of financial pressure, the results show that the difference in cash holdings between listed and unlisted firms exhibit a ‘U-shaped’ relationship. Finally, unlisted firms have a higher sensitivity to save cash out of cash flow than listed firms. Our results are robust to using different specifications and different financial pressure measures.     

Bank risk-taking and corporate investment: Evidence from the Global Financial Crisis of 2007–2009

In this paper, we explore the relation between the banking sector's risk-taking and a firm's investment (“corporate investment”). Specifically, we ask whether firms' cash holdings moderate the effect of the banking sector's risk-taking on corporate investment. Based on a panel sample of publicly listed non-financial firms in 15 EU countries during the period 1990–2015, we document several key findings. First, both cash holdings and the banking sector's risk-taking are positively associated with corporate investment. Second, bank loan growth, which roughly captures the supply of bank credit, is not related to corporate investment. Third, firms with smaller cash holdings disproportionately invest more than do firms with larger cash holdings during periods of higher risk-taking by the banking sector.     

Investor protection and cash holdings: Evidence from US cross-listing

This paper examines (i) whether the level of firms’ cash holdings differ depending on the strength of investor protection, (ii) whether excess cash holdings are valued more with better investor protection, and (iii) whether cross-listed firms that improve investor protection through “bonding” hold relatively more cash than non-cross-listed firms. We analyze 1405 ADR firms and their corresponding matched firms from 39 different countries and document that ADR firms have significantly higher cash holdings relative to their non-cross-listed peers, especially in recent years. The increase in cash holdings is much higher for emerging market firms because of their transition from particularly poor home country investor protection and accounting standards before cross-listing to much higher standards after cross-listing. In addition, firms with level III ADR listing, which represents the strongest investor protection, have higher cash holdings relative to other types of ADR firms.     

Insider Ownership,Subsidiary Cash Holdings,and Economic Consequences: Evidence from Listed Chinese Companies

ABSTRACT

Using a large sample of listed Chinese companies, we investigate how the equity ownership of business group insiders affects subsidiary cash holdings. We find that ownership by the largest shareholders and senior managers in the listed parent firm is negatively related to its subsidiaries’ cash holdings, whereas there is a positive relationship with minority equity in subsidiaries. We also find that the market places a more significant value discount on listed firms whose cash holdings are more located in the affiliated subsidiaries. Our evidence demonstrates how cash policy inside business groups is influenced by insider ownership, and it reveals to what extent cash allocated in subsidiaries may suffer from losses in efficiency.     

Tunneling and propping up: An analysis of related party transactions by Chinese listed companies

We examine a sample of related party transactions between Chinese publicly listed firms and their controlling shareholders during 2001–2002. Minority shareholders in these firms seem to be subject to expropriation through tunneling but also gain from propping up. On balance, there seems to be more tunneling than propping up. Both types of firms have larger state ownership compared to the rest of the Chinese market but firms that are propped up are larger and have larger state ownership than firms subject to tunneling. Propped up firms are more likely to have foreign shareholders and to be cross-listed abroad compared to firms that are subject to tunneling. Propped up firms also tend to have worse operating performance in the fiscal year preceding the announcement of the related party transaction. Finally, we find that related party transactions representing tunneling are accompanied by significantly less information disclosure compared to related party transactions representing propping.     

Cash holdings and the bargaining power of R&D-intensive targets

Prior literature suggests that R&D-intensive firms hold large amounts of cash due to financing constraints. This paper examines whether such firms could also use cash holdings as a strategic bargaining tool in M&A transactions. Using a large sample of takeover bids announced between 1980 and 2012, we demonstrate that cash holdings positively impact R&D-intensive targets’ takeover premiums and announcement-period abnormal returns. These effects disappear in non-R&D-intensive firms. Controlling for various endogeneity and financing concerns, we also find that R&D-intensive firms build up cash holdings in anticipation of becoming a takeover target. Further analysis indicates that in R&D-intensive firms, such cash holdings are valued highly by the market. Taken together, our findings shed new light on the strategic bargaining role of corporate cash holdings in the outcomes of acquisitions targeting R&D-intensive firms.     

Oil price uncertainty and corporate cash holdings: Global evidence

This study investigates the effects of oil price uncertainty on corporate cash holdings using large international publicly listed firms from 89 countries for the period 1990–2017. Building on the precautionary motive of cash and the trade-off theory, we argue that the oil price uncertainty has a significant impact on corporate cash holdings and this impact is nonlinear. First, we find that oil price volatility is positively associated with corporate cash holdings. However, we then find evidence that shows that the association between oil volatility and cash holdings exhibits a U-shape. Finally, we present evidence that the positive relationship between oil price uncertainty and corporate cash holdings is more pronounced in firms operating in oil-exporting countries and in oil-exposed industries. Overall, our findings support our predictions and are robust to multiple robustness tests.     

商标剥离决策与关联交易

本文分析了上市公司的商标剥离决策与关联交易之间的关系,发现商标所有权属的划分为母公司提供了除股权以外的控制上市公司的新手段,而无偿取得所有权或者使用权的方式将商标培育成本在改制过程中转嫁给了母公司,客观上造成母公司会在企业上市后通过一定的关联交易转移利益、弥补成本的强烈动机。具体表现为:其它条件均等的情况下,母公司掌握商标所有权的上市公司的关联交易金额水平大于商标所有权归上市公司的样本组;无偿获得商标所有权或者使用权的上市公司的关联交易发生额大于有偿取得的样本组;以不确定的金额从母公司获得商标使用权的上市公司的关联交易发生额高于以确定金额从母公司获得使用权的样本。     

Trade credit,cash holdings,and financial deepening: Evidence from a transitional economy

This paper investigates the effect of financial deepening on the relationship between trade credit and cash holdings among Chinese listed firms. We first document an asymmetric effect of trade payables and receivables on cash holdings, in that firms hold an additional $0.71 of cash for every $1 of credit payable but use $1 of receivables as a substitute for only $0.15 of cash. We then find that firms in regions with higher levels of financial deepening hold less cash for payables while substituting more receivables for cash. A more highly developed financial sector helps firms to better use trade credit as a short-term financing instrument. Finally, we find that the ratio at which receivables are substituted for cash increased following the implementation of the new receivables pledge policy in 2007, which allowed firms to use receivables as security for loans. This policy event represents an exogenous shock that mitigates the endogeneity concern.