中国制造业产品出口的“母市场效应”——基于ISIC面板数据的研究

本文采用2002～2008年中国与OECD国家双边贸易ISIC(国际标准工业分类法)两位数面板数据对中国制造业各行业"母市场效应"的存在性进行检验。检验结果发现食品、饮料和烟草制造业、木制品业、纸制品和印刷品制造业、化学产品制造业、其他非金属矿产品制造业、机械设备制造业、运输设备制造业、杂项制品及废弃资源回收业这8个行业存在显著的"母市场效应",而纺织、服装及皮革制造业、炼油及核燃料的制造、橡胶和塑料、基本金属和金属制品等行业则不存在"母市场效应",其中炼油及核燃料的制造、橡胶和塑料这两个行业甚至呈现微弱的"逆母市场效应"。检验结果对中国扩大内需同时带来新的出口优势的部门提供了政策支持的理论依据。     

中国制造业出口是否存在本土市场效应

本文利用2001～2008年中国制造业28个细分行业面板数据考察本土市场效应的存在性、特点及其作用途径。研究发现制造业出口总体上存在本土市场效应;细分贸易模式后的分析发现,本土市场效应在一般贸易中显著存在,在加工贸易中不显著。同时,制造业行业开放度、贸易结构和空间集聚程度对本土市场效应的发挥有着明显的影响。进一步的研究结果表明,一般贸易中,拥有较高劳动力成本和科研水平的行业,本土市场规模对其出口有更显著的促进作用;加工贸易中,拥有较低劳动力成本和科研水平的行业,本土市场规模与其出口存在着较强的负相关性。     

中印工业制成品贸易的本地市场效应比较研究

本地市场效应意味着一国的国内市场规模对工业制成品的出口具有促进作用。本文利用两个模型对中国和印度工业制成品贸易中的本地市场效应进行了检验,并通过相应的比较分析认为中国的工业制成品出口存在较为显著的本地市场效应,而印度出口的本地市场效应并不显著。相比之下,中国更具有本地市场效应带来的贸易持续发展的动力。但是,随着产业转移的推进和国内市场的日益扩张,印度多类工业制成品也具备获得本地市场效应的潜力。对于中国而言,在传统比较优势日益减弱的趋势下,更应充分重视本地市场优势对出口贸易的决定性作用,这样才能保证获得出口贸易上的持续优势。     

中国蔬菜出口日本的增长效应分析

本文采用恒定市场份额分析方法对十几年来中国向日本出口蔬菜的数据进行实证分析,发现竞争力是中国向日本出口蔬菜持续增长的主要影响因素,但是近几年竞争效应在逐渐减弱。进口国的需求效应对出口的增长也有较大作用,应根据进口市场的需求状况安排出口产品结构。结构效应由对出口的阻碍作用逐渐转变为促进作用,但是作用很小。     

上海金融发展对出口增长的影响机理及效应研究

金融发展既可通过便利的融资环境、高效的国际结算手段和完善的信用体系而利于出口增长,也会因为金融资本流动对商品流动潜在的替代或资源约束而抑制出口扩张。文章立足于出口增长的规模效应和结构效应维度,选取金融机构存贷款增长率、金融相关率和信贷转换率等指标作为解释变量,以人民币实际汇率和对外直接投资为控制变量,就1990-2010年上海金融发展对出口增长的效应进行实证研究,结果表明金融规模的扩张对出口增长的规模效应不显著,但对出口结构的优化具有显著的正向推动作用,金融效率变化对出口增长规模和结构的影响均不显著。     

中日服务贸易的本地市场效应估计

文章在Schumacher(2003)构建的引力模型基础上推导出计量模型,实证研究了中日服务贸易的本地市场效应,发现本地市场效应促进了中国对日本的服务出口,以劳动力要素禀赋为传统的比较优势也促进了中国对日本的服务出口,但本地市场效应对中国对日本服务出口的促进作用大于传统比较优势.中国对日本的10个服务行业中有6个行业存在显著的本地市场效应,1个行业的本地市场效应不显著,3个行业不存在本地市场效应,具体是运输服务、旅游服务、通讯服务、保险服务、计算机和信息服务、版权及许可费存在显著的本地市场效应,其他商业服务本地市场效应不显著,建筑服务、金融服务、个人、文化和娱乐服务不存在本地市场效应.     

中国工业制成品对美出口增长效应分析——基于CMS模型

本文运用CMS模型对中国工业制成品对美出口增长效应进行分析。结果表明,中国工业制成品对美出口增长的因素中,竞争力是拉动其出口的主要因素,但行业间竞争力发展并不平衡,其次是市场规模因素,而商品结构效应对出口作用并不显著,甚至起到抑制作用。从而提出中国工业制成品对美出口发展政策建议。     

中国的出口对新兴市场国家具有“挤出效应”吗?

中国出口总量的迅猛增长引起了许多发展中国家的担心,认为中国强劲的出口扩张能力挤出了其他国家的世界市场份额,并因此有可能威胁到这些国家长期的经济增长。本文以亚洲、拉丁美洲和欧洲的8个主要新兴市场国家为研究对象,检验中国是否对这些国家的出口产生了“挤出效应”。结果表明,总体而言,中国的出口上升不仅没有挤出样本国家的世界市场份额,反而表现出一定的正相关性。进一步的分析显示,中国的出口对不同国家的影响存在较大的差异性,特别是在不同的出口市场上,这种差异性表现得更为明显。     

目的国需求、企业创新能力与出口质量

在不确定性加剧的国际市场中,如何实现出口质量升级是中国经济转型期面临的挑战。文章基于Aghion等(2018)的框架,引入产品质量,构建了目的国需求影响企业出口质量的理论模型,结果发现需求会通过直接的规模效应和间接的竞争效应影响出口质量。总体上,需求扩张有助于出口质量的升级,且这种积极效应随企业创新能力的提高而增强。文章运用2000～2006年中国企业层面微观数据,稳健地证实了理论命题:创新能力强化了需求扩张的出口质量升级效应。进一步的作用机制表明需求增长加剧了市场竞争,企业为了改善盈利能力,会抓住规模效应的机会进行产品质量升级。文章结论与中国所提倡的"促进共同发展"理念相契合。     

经济开放与中国企业生产率的关系研究——“学习效应”还是“自选择效应”

文章通过借鉴Meltiz异质性企业贸易理论模型,构建了本土企业、出口企业和对外直接投资企业三类不同企业的生产率分布函数关系模型,将"学习效应"参数和"自选择效应"参数引入到模型之中,并运用广义距估计(GMM)对"学习效应"参数和"自选择效应"参数进行估计,测算不同效应的存在与否与大小规模。研究结果表明,整体而言,中国制造业存在显著的"学习效应",但是"自选择效应"不明确。在"学习效应"中,较高生产率的企业获得较多的"学习效应",生产率提升较大,而较低生产率的企业获得较少的"学习效应",生产率提升较小。对外直接投资企业相对于出口企业来说,其"学习效应"更大,即相较于出口,通过对外直接投资可以在更大程度上获得"学习效应"。     

知识产权保护、行业特征与我国制造业出口比较优势

文章旨在分析知识产权保护能否成为我国制造业出口新的比较优势,利用我国1992-2012年对140个国家或地区的24个制造业行业的出口数据实证检验了三个理论命题。研究发现,知识产权保护对制造业出口比较优势的影响存在门槛,当知识产权保护程度跨过“知识产权保护门槛”后,知识产权保护与行业特征的协同效应才能有利于形成新的出口比较优势;从R&D投入强度、专属性投资强度以及关键要素投入强度三个方面,把我国24个制造业行业分为高行业特征和低行业特征分别进行估计后得到不同结论,低R&D投入强度和低关键要素投入强度制造业行业中,知识产权保护与行业特征的协同作用显著的有利于我国对贸易伙伴出口的增长,相反则不利于我国对贸易伙伴出口的增长。从我国出口方向来看,知识产权保护与产业特征的协同作用,对知识产权保护程度高于我国的地区来说,不能够显著提升出口比较优势。     

The evolution of value added in assembly operations: the case of China and Mexico

China and Mexico embarked, around the early 1980s, on the process of liberalization of trade and FDI and established some export oriented industries through assembly operations with the help of FDI. Both countries had the same objective of increasing value added in export processing industries. The authors examine the comparative achievements of their common objectives in the light of the export oriented strategy hypothesis. Applying the indicators of Revealed Comparative Advantage to exports and imports, the authors show that while there are some similarities in the performance of the two countries, there are also striking differences. Both have managed to increase manufactured exports, particularly in IT products, significantly during 1990s. Both, but particularly China, have developed comparative advantage in export and production of many industries, which had been initiated through import substitution. However, Mexico has achieved little, compared with China, in increasing value added in exports and in developing comparative advantage in production in assembly operations. Further, unlike China, since the early years of the 2010 decade it has not been able to sustain its rapid export growth.     

Comparative home-market advantage: An empirical analysis of British and American exports

This paper derives and tests the hypothesis that a country exports relatively more of those goods for which it has a relatively larger home market, i.e., a comparative home-market advantage. This prediction is based on a two-country, many-good intraindustry trade model with economies of scale, international transaction costs and differences in expenditure shares and country size. The data from 1970 to 1987 of 26 industries of the manufacturing sector in the United States and the United Kingdom supports this hypothesis. It is also shown that the relationship between home-market size and export structure becomes significantly stronger for industries with high fixed costs. JEL no. F12, F14, F17     

森林认证对中国林产品出口影响的实证分析

采用引力模型中“单国模式”,利用面板数据研究森林认证对中国林产品出口的影响。实证研究表明,中国对主要出口的24个国家的林产品出口额受到进口国的人口数量、中国与进口国之间的直线距离以及进口国对森林认证的重视程度的综合影响,其中人口数量的增加促进了我林产品出口额的增长,而国与国之间的距离以及进口国对森林认证的重视程度阻碍了中国林产品的出口。     

上合组织自贸区经济效应的前瞻性研究--基于GTAP模型的模拟

文章在分析中国同上海合作组织成员国贸易现状的基础上,运用GTAP模型实证研究了建立上合组织自贸区可能带来的经济影响。研究发现建立自贸区虽然在短期内可能存在一定的困难和冲突,但是符合各成员国的长远利益。具体结论如下:从短期来看,大部分成员国贸易放大效应较为明显;各成员国会扩大对比较优势产品的出口,增加对比较劣势产品的进口;各成员国贸易条件和福利水平变化不一,一些小国和落后国家贸易条件恶化,福利水平下降。从长期来看,自贸区的建立能有效拉动各成员国经济增长;随着区域内分工纵深发展,各国产业结构均出现调整。总体来说,完全自由贸易情形下的经济效应要大于设置关税减让例外情形。     

International trade and agricultural production: Evidence from the Southern African Development Community sub-region

Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries have undertaken substantial reforms in market liberalisation policies and regional integration initiatives. Theory suggests that trade can affect output through the exploitation of comparative advantage, increasing return to scale, liberalisation policies and technology. This work investigates the impact of agricultural exports to, machinery and chemical imports from and tariffs on agricultural products by total partners to the Southern African Customs' Union, SADC, sub-Saharan Africa and the rest of the world on agricultural production. Following Hausman tests, three panel fixed-effect models are estimated. The first is for aggregate machinery imports, chemicals imports and agricultural exports. The second is for disaggregated exports and imports according to the respective destination and source regions above. The third is for aggregate imports and disaggregated tariffs implemented by the various export destination regions toward the SADC. The results agree with the theory that international trade is good for development. Agricultural market expansion through export opportunities and access to inputs are significant sources of agricultural production enhancement in the SADC region. Tariffs barriers to agricultural exports are found to be significant impediments to agricultural production. However, the disparity of effects by export destination and the insignificance of the impact of trade with the rest of Africa are worth emphasising.     

中国对美国出口商品的比较优势及其稳定性分析

本文采用Lall(2000)对产品的分类方法,细分产品到SITC四位数,利用区域显性比较优势指数,分析了1987～2006年中国对美国各类出口商品比较优势的变动情况,并详细分析了2006年中国各类出口商品在美国市场上比较优势的分布状况.然后,文章利用联合密度分布、回归分析、面板单位根检验等3种方法对中国对美国出口比较优...     

The role of foreign direct investment in Indonesia's manufacturing exports

This article examines whether foreign direct investment (FDI) has contributed to the changing structure of Indonesia's manufacturing exports. It uses industry-level data from 1990 to 2008, classified by factor intensity. Our analysis reveals that FDI promotes exports in most panel observations, especially exports from physical-capital-intensive (PCI), human-capital-intensive (HCI) and technology-intensive (TI) industries. Yet by applying a differentiated cross-section-effect model, we determine that the export-generating potential of FDI is stronger in PCI, HCI and TI industries than in natural-resource-intensive or unskilled-labour-intensive industries, in which Indonesia has a comparative advantage. We also assess the influence of other determinants of export performance – namely, private domestic capital investment, GDP growth and exchange rates. Our findings have implications for policymakers seeking to sustain Indonesia's export performance.     

Do High-technology Exports Cause More Technology Spillover in China？

The volume of China’s high-technology exports has grown sharply since the implementation of its export promotion strategy "Revitalizing Trade through Science and Technology" in 1999.This paper investigates whether technology spillover effects are greater for hightechnology exports than for primary manufactured goods exports.We present a generalized multi-sector spillover model to identify both between spillover effects from exports towards non-exporters and within-spillover effects among export sectors.Using panel data for 31 provinces in China over the period from 1998 to 2005,we find that although high-technology export sectors have higher productivity compared with other sectors,this productivity advantage does not lead to technology spillover to both domestic sectors and other export sectors,and export technology spillover mainly derives from traditional export sectors rather than high-technology export sectors.As such findings can be largely attributed to the fact that China’s high-technology exports depend significantly on processing trade by foreign- invested firms,policy implications are discussed in relation to how to best promote the role of China’s high-technology exports during economic expansion.     

Home-Market and Factor-Endowment Effects in a Gravity Approach

This paper shows how the home-market effect can be estimated in the generalized gravity equation of Bergstrand, taking into account traditional comparative advantage effects arising from differences in factor endowment. The empirical results suggest the presence of significant home-market effects for differentiated goods in many manufacturing industries which may be capital intensive or labour intensive. At the same time, our results suggest that home-market effects can only be detected for data disaggregated at the industry level and not for aggregated data. JEL no. F 12