知识溢出支撑集群企业创新跨越研究

培育集群企业技术创新能力是产业集群竞争优势的主要表现形式,而企业是集群中最活跃的行为主体,单个企业的技术创新能力在很大程度上反映了一个集群的技术创新能力.知识溢出、集群企业吸收能力是产业集群创新的关键要素.首先对集群企业技术创新能力、知识溢出、集群企业吸收能力的相关文献进行了综述,在此基础上归纳本文的研究要素,明确要素之间的逻辑关系;针对当前集群企业的现实,从吸收能力视角提出了知识溢出支撑集群企业技术创新能力跨越的理论分析框架,并从隐性知识、显性知识、吸收能力与集群企业技术创新能力跨越进行了分析,知识溢出对集群企业提升技术创新能力具有促进作用,而这种促进作用的大小受到集群企业本身吸收能力影响,即吸收能力增强了知识溢出对集群企业技术创新能力的促进作用.     

装备制造企业自主技术创新能力的构成要素

分析了提高我国装备企业自主技术创新能力对于振兴装备制造业的迫切性,阐述了我国装备制造企业自主技术创新能力战略思考的必要性。通过对技术创新理论的综述分析,根据装备制造业发展的动态性、自主创新的风险性,提出对于我国装备制造企业自主技术能力的构成要素研究,仅仅分析研究其创新资源投入能力、创新管理能力、制造能力、研究开发能力、创新产出能力和营销能力是不够的,还需要分析企业在自主技术创新过程中的环境辨别和分析能力、风险识别和管理能力。在此基础上,提出了我国装备制造企业自主技术创新能力结构及其评价体系。     

装备制造业技术创新效率及其影响因素研究

基于扎根理论编码方法,根据37家苏州装备制造企业调研资料,分析提炼影响装备制造业技术创新效率的12个因素。以苏州装备制造业数据为样本,运用随机前沿分析法（SFA）测算苏州装备制造业技术创新效率,并分析影响因素及其作用效果。研究结果表明,苏州装备制造业技术创新效率整体呈上升趋势,产业、环境影响因素综合作用由促进变为抑制;集群创新有助于提升技术创新效率,但在一定程度上阻碍了技术创新多元化;市场因素推动了技术创新,但存在膨胀发展所伴随的未标化问题。苏州装备制造业应巩固集群技术创新优势,推动多元化技术创新;调控下游市场发展,促进上游企业技术创新自由化;推进“互联网+研发制造”深度融合,内外兼修提升技术创新效率。     

产业集群研发合作模式研究——以辽宁装备制造业为例

产业集群是技术创新的有效载体,二者之间存在互动关系。基于装备制造业产业集群中以核心制造企业为主体的集群特征,构建了集群企业研发合作网络"三层次五要素"模型,并从网络链接和资源组织角度,分析了集群企业各类研发合作模式的特点及效应,探讨了辽宁促进装备制造产业集群企业研发合作的对策建议。     

浙江省高新技术产业集群知识溢出的实证研究

分别用专业化指数和多样化指数衡量高新技术产业集群的集群内知识溢出(即Mar溢出)和集群间知识溢出(即Jac溢出)。以浙江省13个高新技术开发区为研究对象,分析了各高新技术产业集群聚集的驱动因素,计算了其知识溢出半径并总结了其知识溢出辐射范围。构建固定效应模型,实证研究了Mar知识溢出和Jac知识溢出对高新技术产业集群的经济增长和技术创新能力的影响。结果表明:浙江省沿海城市高新技术产业集群的集聚主要受多样化知识溢出驱动,浙江省内陆城市高新技术产业集群的集聚主要受专业化知识溢出驱动;Jac知识溢出既能促进集群的经济增长,又能增强其技术创新能力,而Mar知识溢出主要能提高集群的技术创新能力,但在促进经济增长方面的效果甚微。     

装备制造业技术创新效率及其影响因素研究——以苏州为例

基于扎根理论编码方法,根据37家苏州装备制造企业调研资料,分析提炼影响装备制造业技术创新效率的12个因素。以苏州装备制造业数据为样本,运用随机前沿分析法(SFA)测算苏州装备制造业技术创新效率,并分析影响因素及其作用效果。研究结果表明,苏州装备制造业技术创新效率整体呈上升趋势,产业、环境影响因素综合作用由促进变为抑制;集群创新有助于提升技术创新效率,但在一定程度上阻碍了技术创新多元化;市场因素推动了技术创新,但存在膨胀发展所伴随的未标化问题。苏州装备制造业应巩固集群技术创新优势,推动多元化技术创新;调控下游市场发展,促进上游企业技术创新自由化;推进"互联网+研发制造"深度融合,内外兼修提升技术创新效率。     

产业集群中知识溢出与区域竞争力提升研究

在知识经济时代,产业集群内知识溢出成为区域经济增长的主要内生变量,发挥着重要的作用,区域的竞争力也日益表现为对知识占有和利用之间的较量,研发创新、知识吸收与创新成为经济发展的内在动力源泉。本文分析了集群内知识溢出主要通过集群内企业间人员流动、集群内企业间观察模仿、集群内企业非正式交流及集群内企业衍生等途径来实现。探讨了集群内知识溢出和技术创新与区域竞争力的相互作用关系。提出了集群内知识溢出有利于集群企业的技术创新能力提升集群的知识积累水平,激活创新活力,增强区域的整体创新功能、有利于集群内企业降低创新成本与风险提升区域创新效率、有利于集群企业的人力资源的流动提升区域竞争力,从而形成集群区域独特的竞争优势。     

产业集群技术创新的自组织过程分析——基于动态博弈的视角分析

产业集群是区域经济发展的重要载体,具有自组织特征的产业集群发展离不开企业技术创新。产业集群内部企业之间的协同技术创新,是提升产业集群技术创新水平的关键。基于自组织理论的视角,分析了集群企业在技术创新过程中的动态重复博弈过程,认为产业集群主导企业的技术创新能力是推动性因素,而技术溢出效应、中小配套企业的模仿策略则是推进产业集群进行协同技术创新的障碍性因素,最后针对上述问题提出了提高产业集群技术创新能力的对策性建议。     

我国装备制造业产业集群发展模式及对策

推动我国装备制造业产业集群的发展,要有较强技术能力的大型企业对技术进行集成和创新,通过大企业的结构升级,带动产业集群的形成;要引导装备制造业集群要素网络链接模式向基于价值链主导的模式发展,在装备制造核心企业之间搭建开放性、网络化的生产组织;要使社会网络层成为装备制造业集群网络结构的支撑,让区域社会创新网络的发育和形成成为集群发展的外部动力。     

转型背景下产业集群升级的 传导机制及其实现路径 ——基于本地知识溢出的视角

本文基于本地知识溢出的视角,阐述了集群内本地知识溢出的传导机制,从集群内部企业这一微观层面出发,利用对浙江省不同地区代表性产业集群企业的大样本问卷调查数据,实证研究了本地知识溢出对集群企业成长和创新发展的影响与效应。结果表明：企业间直接合作、员工流动和企业知识吸收能力对企业成长和创新发展均有显著正向效应;企业衍生对上述两方面有显著负向效应;企业间非正式交流的影响不显著;政府公共平台的利用效率对企业成长有显著正向效应,而对企业创新发展的影响则不显著。在此基础上,本文提出了产业集群升级可能性路径的政策建议。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.     

Duplication, Growth and ‘Total Return Economics’

Maintenance consumption is an expense recovered in product prices, yet also a source of taste satisfaction which must be exhausted, rather than reinvested, from the capital affording it. This riddle is solved in the duplication rules: the cost of maintenance consumption is recovered in pay and prices, but an equal flow is exhausted from the human capital of the worker earning the pay. The rules impact tradition in several ways. If output is defined in principle as value added, then it cannot also be described as consumption plus net investment without double-counting the maintenance consumption recovered in prices. Also rate of return in the stationary state is not zero, but is the rate sufficient to offset the exhaustion of individual human capital. The rules lead to new insights into economic return, and support an argument that all growth at the scale of closure is due to productivity gain rather than to thrift.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Simulating the Effect of Regulatory Systems in a Fishery, An Application to the French Driftnet Albacore Fleet

With a thin economic component, most bio-economic models of fisheries failto assess the effects of the regulation systems on firms. In order to analysethe short term consequences of different management schemes, a simulationmodel is applied to the French driftnet albacore fleet: licence allocation withdriftnet regulation, individual quotas, and individual transferable quotaswithout any input control. Vessel technology is estimated by using the datacollected, and groups of vessels are distinguished according to criteria ofperformance. We present the adjustment within firms and between groupsunder different scenarios (limited entry with and without driftnetregulation, individual quotas and individual transferable quotas allocation),and we compare their results in terms of quasi-rent value and otherindicators such as hake harvests or dolphin by-catches.     

Knowledge as a Path-Dependence Process

By following a new approach proposed by Cognitive and Neuroeconomics, this paper presents and extends that part of Hayek's theory concerning knowledge in path-dependent terms, and shows that this is a fertile theory, opening new lines of inquiry for contemporary economics. In his theory of knowledge Hayek shows that the dynamics of economic change is path-dependent, in a different and more profound way than in the rest of the path-dependent literature. This literature deals with an important controversy, which will be also discussed and its specific and original meaning will be highlighted. As it will emerge, knowledge as a path-dependent process is consistent with cognitive theories of perception and learning and it plays a more important role than is traditionally assumed. Path-dependence is in fact always present in the cognitive dimension of perception and in individual decision-making processes, as well as in the processes of organizational innovation, and even in the macro-dimension of institutional change. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.