Stakelberg竞争条件下的药品专利许可问题研究——“医药分离”与“以药养医”两种医疗体制的微观福利比较

本文分析了在“医药分离”与“以药养医”两种医疗体制下,专利药企业和仿制药企业达成药品专利许可协议的条件,以及该许可对患者和医生的福利影响.研究发现:在特定条件下,与仿制药企业达成药品专利许可协议对专利药企业是有利的.在“医药分离”的体制下,该许可会改善患者的福利水平;在“以药养医”的体制下,该许可会改善医生的福利水平,但是如果专利药与仿制药的医疗保险报销百分比差距较大,并且两种药品的差异化程度较高,该许可会降低患者的福利水平.因此,监管部门应该仔细评估药品专利许可的福利影响,对某些会损害患者福利的许可,应该采取措施加以限制.     

世界

世界贸易组织 8月30日,世界贸易组织总理事会在瑞士日内瓦一致通过了关于实施专利药品强制许可制度的最后协议。协议允许贫穷国家进口仿制药品来对抗艾滋病和疟疾等疾病。印度、巴西及其他有制药能力的国家将首次被允许生产来自美国和其他制药     

浅析我国药品专利强制许可的救济制度

专利权本质是公权与私权的平衡,强制许可是长期鼓励创新与短期解决现实危机的平衡。药品专利强制许可可以解决药品的可及性问题,因而,过去人们对于药品专利强制许可研究较多,平衡的天平向短期现实危机偏移,现在,我们回到专利法鼓励创新,激励研发的立法目的上来,越来越关注专利权人的利益。本文在介绍药品专利强制许可制度及现存问题基础上,思考其完善。     

浅议当今我国中小型制药企业发展思路

<正>金融风暴的影响对制药行业的冲击是显而易见的。特别是各项新医改政策的出台,如制订并颁布《国家基本药物目录》,实行基本药物招标生产和直接配送,减少中间流通环节,降低药品价格;药品集中采购由批发企业投标改为药品生产企业直接投标等。这些政策的出台在规范药品市场的同时,又对我国中小型制药企     

强制许可在国际直接投资中的问接征收性质

随着全球经济一体化进程的发展,知识产权作为国际投资活动中的投资资本越来越多的应用与国际直接投资中,而东道国政府对外国投资者知识产权的强制许可制度,使得知识产权投资者的财产性权利利益受到损失,强制许可制度是东道国政府的一种国有化行为,产生了间接征收的效果。对于强制征收制度,东道国政府应该给予外国投资者一定的补偿。     

TRIPS协议和我国专利强制许可制度的完善

我国《专利法》对专利强制许可制度做了进一步的完善,这与我们对TRIPS协议认识的深化有着直接的联系。恢复因专利权人不实施专利而颁发强制许可,增加因专利权人垄断行为而颁发强制许可,删除因专利权人拒绝许可专利而颁发强制许可,针对公共健康危机修改颁发强制许可的条件等,都体现了对TRIPS的遵守和尊重。     

中国对于药品平行贸易法律问题的利益考量与立法选择——对H5N1型禽流感病毒处方药罗氏“达菲”之有限来源的思考

发展中国家由于受制于药品自主知识产权有限,当发生重大疫情或强传染性疾病时,一般采用两种应对方式,一为“强制许可”、一为“平行贸易”,由于知识产权药品的强制许可易于产生国际纠纷,因此本文针对我国一直实际存在的药品平行贸易问题的利益考量与立法选择予以一定探讨,并对我国目前与今后一段时间内关于药品平行进出口问题的立法选择提出粗浅的建议。     

股权结构、内部控制与企业社会责任——基于制药企业的实证分析

以药品制药业上市公司2010-2019年的面板数据为样本,运用多元线性回归模型实证分析股权结构、内部控制对制药企业社会责任的影响。研究表明:国有产权性质的药品制药企业倾向于积极履行社会责任;药品制药企业的两权分离度、股权集中度与企业社会责任履行正相关;药品制药企业的股权制衡度与企业社会责任负相关;制药企业的内部控制与企业社会责任正相关。     

辨识“伟哥”

辉瑞制药（harles Pfizer）有限公司始创于1849年。20世纪80年代末．辉瑞在中国投资建厂．目前已是在华投资最大的跨国制药企业之一。辉瑞在中国上市了40余种创新药品．其中万艾可等8种药品全球年销量超过10亿美元。     

制药企业营销渠道模式选择

在分析归纳了制药企业营销渠道设计中的影响因素为药品的差异化因素和企业品牌因素的基础上,通过"药品差异化-制药企业品牌"矩阵模型,总结出我国制药企业营销渠道四种模式的设计方案。     

The impact of the institution of patent protection and enforcement on entry mode strategy: A panel data investigation of U.S. firms

The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement has engendered a harmonisation of patent laws across countries but the extent of enforcement of these laws continues to vary. This study investigates the degree to which de jure book law protection of patents and de facto enforcement of these laws influences the propensity of firms to exploit their patented technology in foreign markets with company-owned operations or unrelated concerns using licensing agreements. Analyzing data on royalty and fee receipts of U.S. parent companies from affiliates and non-affiliated parties abroad from 1998 to 2007, and using separate measures for de jure and de facto patent protection and enforcement, we find that strengthening de jure protection induces greater affiliate licensing while strengthening de facto enforcement induces non-affiliate licensing. We conclude by observing that greater account should be taken of de facto enforcement measures when investigating the role of institutions on the international activities of firms.     

There will be exports and licensing: The effects of patent rights and innovation on firm sales

Previous work has focused on how intellectual property rights affect inward technology transfer. This paper is among the first to study whether patent rights contribute to outward technology transfers. Patent protection can affect the ability of firms to be sources of technology through its effects on innovation and commercialization. Using micro data, this paper finds that patent rights and innovation are positively associated with the exporting and licensing of firms, controlling for other determinants of technological capacity, although the effect is not symmetric across firms in all countries. Patent rights have a strong impact on the export and licensing activities of firms in developed countries, and only on the licensing activities of firms in developing countries. Moreover, transfers of technology develop sequentially – namely, exporting before licensing – due to the differing sunk costs of each type of entry. The results have implications for how innovation policies and activities contribute to the outward orientation of firms.     

Changes in the EC licensing environment and their effect on licensing as a strategy for Europe 1992

The further integration of the European Community (EC) is intended to create one large, integrated market and a semistandardized business environment throughout the member countries. This study investigates the current status of the technology licensing environment in the EC and analyzes the returns that a licensor can achieve by locating a licensee in each of the EC countries. This analysis may be important to any firm which has chosen a licensing strategy as its approach to operating in the EC, because locational choice of licensee can affect a licensor's financial returns.     

Strategic Environmental Policy with Technology Licensing

The tendency for countries to cheat on international environmental agreements has been well-documented. One reason is that less developed countries suffer technological disadvantages. While a number of authors have shown that technological transfers can solve the stability problem, real-world giveaways rarely occur. The purpose of this study is to investigate the conditions under which private licensing of pollution abatement technology, linked to cooperation on environmental policy, represents a feasible alternative. We find that, while a Pareto-improving solution exists, the licensing equilibrium is tenuous. Ironically, the more technologically advanced pollution abatement becomes, the less incentive there is for the recipient to cooperate.     

Reputation and international technology transfer: a comparative study of Japanese,European and American corporations in Korea

We have compared the licensing agreements of Korean firms with Japanese, North American and European (British and Continental European) licensors. In view of contract length, Continental Europeans and North Americans show longer period than Japanese and British. Considering the brand accompanying the technology licensing, we can observe a difference between the Anglo-American countries and the others. The outcome corresponds with the existing literature that opportunism is greater in the Anglo-Saxon culture than elsewhere.     

Dynamic analysis of innovation and international transfer of technology through licensing

This paper develops a quality-ladder type dynamic general equilibrium model with endogenous innovation and technology licensing as a major source of international technology transfer in developing countries. Examining the dynamic characteristics of the model fully, we explore the short- and long-run effects of both an improvement in the probability of reaching a licensing agreement with a given effort and an increase in the license fee rate. The model shows that the former promotes innovation and technology transfers in both the long and short run, while the latter discourages them.     

North-South technology transfer through licensing

The incentives of Southern governments to protect intellectual property rights are examined when Northern innovating firms license technology to Southern firms in a game with asymmetric information. Southern firms may or may not be able to imitate after they license the technology, and Northern firms do not know whether the Southern firm can imitate. The form of the licensing contract and the distribution of the gains from licensing will affect the incentives of Southern countries to protect patents. Southern consumers gain from patent infringement but at the expense of Southern firms that cannot acquire licenses at the most favorable terms.     

Technology transfer in Mexico: Past patterns and new problems related to the North American free trade agreement

As the Mexican economy prepares to transition from a relatively closed and protected market to a regionally integrated free market which is part of the proposed North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), a change in its technology licensing environment will be needed to enable Mexican companies to compete for technology with firms from the other member countries of the NAFTA. This study identifies the national sources which have provided Mexico with technology and the Mexican industrial sectors which have been able to attract this technology in the 1980s. It further evaluates the current licensing environments in Canada, Mexico, and the U.S.A. as well as in the Latin American Integration Association (LAIA). The study provides recommendations for changes to the Mexican licensing environment and proposes strategies for attracting technology to Mexican industry under the changed conditions which would be introduced by the NAFTA. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Foreign direct investment and intellectual property rights: evidence from Hollywood's global distribution of movies and videos

Traditional thinking about intellectual property rights (IPR) suggests that as a country strengthens its IPR standards, firms will move their governance structures away from equity based institutions such as foreign direct investment (FDI) towards more market-based relations such as licensing agreements. This hypothesis is explored by examining the behavior of Hollywood studios in both the feature film and video markets in 40 foreign countries. The analysis reveals that the behavior of Hollywood studios is more complex than this: although moderate IPRs are associated with a high degree of licensing, both high and low standards of IPR encourage more integrated governance structures.     

International linkages and productivity at the plant level: Foreign direct investment, exports, imports and licensing

Productivity growth may be affected particularly for developing countries by international linkages or technology transfer. We evaluate relationships between productivity and FDI, exports, imports and licensing for Turkish manufacturing plants in the apparel, textiles, and motor vehicles industries. We assess performance premia associated with these international technology transfer channels that control for plant size and location. We then use a structural model to allow for plant-specific input composition and interactions, estimated alternatively by quantile regression and semi-parametric techniques to recognize plant heterogeneity and to accommodate simultaneity and selection issues. Overall, we find that productivity is most closely related to foreign ownership, especially for larger plants and in combination with other forms of technology transfer, followed by exporting and then licensing.