客家文化导向下的梅州旅游景区农朽居民感知与态度分析

本文以广东省梅州市客家文化旅游景区当地农村居民为研究对象,根据Doxey愤怒指数理论,采取问卷调查和访谈相结合的方法,从旅游经济正负面感知、社会文化正负面感知、环境正负面感知及整体感知四大方面分析旅游景区农村居民对旅游发展状况的感知与态度。调查结果表明：农村居民对旅游发展的感知处于“融洽”阶段;农村居民对旅游的正面经济影响感知强烈,对旅游负面经济影响感知也有所认识;居民对社会文化正面感知和环境正面感知强于负面感知,但其负面影响也开始有所彰显。基于此,分别从政府视角、旅游企业管理视角及个人视角提出了相应的政策建议。     

Social capital for rural revitalization in China: A critical evaluation on the government’s new countryside programme in Chengdu

In the context of urbanisation and decline of its countryside in the 21^st century, the Chinese government has initiated a campaign namely “building a socialist new countryside” in 2006 which is now renamed as “rural revitalisation”. Bringing together social capital, government intervention and other capital, we argue that rural revitalisation can be viewed as a process of the interaction between land transfer and community building leading to multiple gains of all stakeholders. Given the predomination of top-down government intervention and external capital investment in its campaign, this paper sheds new light on social capital in terms of not only mobilising community members’ participation, but also reaching a balance with interests of government and other stakeholders. The importance of social capital can be illustrated from critical evaluation on governmental pilot projects in the suburban zone of Chengdu, a model municipal in China in urban-rural integration. In particular, this paper aims to address the following questions: How does social capital engage and contribute to rural restructuring for sustainable rural livelihoods? What role can social capital play in the decision making of land transfer and community building? This paper contributes to rural revitalisation and land use debates in three aspects. Firstly, we post a triangular model by bringing together government intervention, social and other capital to emphasize the interwoven nature of the relationship between land transfer and community building for better understanding of the intrinsic dynamics within the communities and their interests interfaced with external stakeholders. Secondly, with respect to the impact of land transfer on sustainable livelihoods, we propose an evaluation framework to account and compare the roles of social capital against government intervention and other conditions in land transfer decision making. Thirdly, applying the above framework to sample villages, we identify three types of rural restructuring: government-led, farmer self-organising, and returned entrepreneur-oriented. Policy implications and further research direction are discussed.     

Urban population looking for rural landscapes: Different appreciation patterns identified in Southern Europe

In the context of the peripheral European rural landscapes, the role of the urban population, generally referred to as the ‘outsiders’, has shown to be influential in the dynamics of rural space. This influence occurs namely through the demand for non-productive functions leading to the emergence of new modes of occupancy. In addition, the emerging policy framework concerning policies and planning in rural landscapes call for an improved understanding of the diversified social demands for these landscapes. We argue that a more profound knowledge on the urban demand for rural landscape is needed to better integrate the urban interests into rural policy and planning. The present paper aims to gain greater insight on this demand by identifying landscape preferences of urban users, framed by the multifunctional transition theory, and using a photo-based survey with contrasting land covers derived from CORINE Land Cover classes. Furthermore, the use of land cover classes as the main landscape component, and thereby relating preferences to specific land covers, offers a sound basis for a territorial approach, able to integrate landscape into rural policy and land use planning practice. A case-study in Southern Portugal was developed at the regional scale and results showed different appreciation patterns for rural landscapes varying from humanised and more naturalised landscapes according to the different functions sought by urban users. Another prominent result is that urban demand for rural landscapes, even if driven by consumption, is strongly influenced by both protection and production values. A deeper knowledge on the interests of urban population can be a step forward for rural communities, land managers, and sectoral policy decision-makers to better define investment strategies in rural-urban partnerships facing the growing urban demand over rural space.     

Emergence and influence of a new policy regime: The case of forest carbon offsets in British Columbia

The most significant carbon mitigation policy currently targeting BC’s forests is the Forest Carbon Offsets Protocol (FCOP) that outlines the rules regulating forest carbon offsets. By applying the Policy Regime Framework to the FCOP, this paper addresses the following specific questions: what is the extent of the policy change brought by FCOP, and what are the main factors that influenced and shaped this policy change? The paper concludes that policy did change: an offset regime was established and FCOP was adopted to steer the development of forest carbon offsets. It is the executive branch of government, and especially Premier Gordon Campbell, that was most influential during problem definition and the decision making around forest carbon offset policy. In addition, environmentalists and First Nations, by advocating for a conservation economy, and the private sector, by lobbying the government to prioritize their economic interests, also influenced the policy making process. However, the actual magnitude of policy change that occurred with the emergence of the forest carbon policy regime is quite limited. Apart from a few conservation and improved forest management projects that mostly benefited First Nations, very few projects have been successfully implemented to date. This limited policy change was caused by various economic, social and political limitations. In particular, the shift in government in 2011 that led to the decision not to implement a cap and trade program significantly reduced marketing opportunities for BC-based forest offsets. In addition, the negative public opinion towards the credibility and effectiveness of forest carbon offsets, the low international price of carbon, the high transaction costs and the lack of financing options strongly restrained their development.     

Working to Make Interdisciplinarity Work: Investing in Communication and Interpersonal Relationships

In this paper, we apply qualitative methodologies to explore the practice of interdisciplinary research. The UK's Rural Economy and Land Use (RELU) Programme aims to advance understanding of the challenges faced by rural areas through funding interdisciplinary research to inform future policy and practice on management choices for the countryside and rural economies. Addressing the challenges faced by rural areas often requires a combination of different perspectives, involving research to address subjects that may lie beyond the skills of individual researchers. An interdisciplinary approach requires the integration of both data/information and the experiences and perspectives of different people (natural/social scientists, local people and policy‐makers). We focus here on the processes involved in making interdisciplinarity work, documenting the experiences, perceptions, ideas and concerns of researchers working in interdisciplinary projects (specifically two EU‐funded projects but also the first wave of RELU projects). A key finding from this research is that interdisciplinarity requires conscious effort, time and resources for the development of interpersonal relationships to enhance effective communication and thus successful collaboration.     

AGRICULTURAL POLICY AND REMOTE RURAL AREAS

This paper examines the interface between agricultural policy and other planning policies affecting development and change in rural areas with specific reference to one remote rural area of Britain. Differences between conventional agricultural policy approaches and planning approaches to rural problems are examined in the context of the policy instruments that have affected the rural economy of Orkney. It is suggested that the policies are not entirely congruent and that the economic and social costs of pursuing sectional and contradictory policies may be considerable.     

农村承包土地撂荒问题研究——以宁夏隆德县为例

近几年来，社会经济快速发展，而农民土地撂荒问题直接影响到农村社会经济发展、国家粮食产量和一系列的社会问题。本文以宁夏固原市隆德县为例来研究农村土地撂荒的成因并提出相应对策，对当地农村土地资源的合理利用，推动农村社会经济发展、建设社会主义新农村具有重要意义。对山区农村土地问题的研究具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Defining and delivering ‘sustainable’ agriculture in the UK after Brexit: interdisciplinary lessons from experiences of agricultural reform

Defining and achieving sustainability in the context of complex, multi-scale, and constantly changing agricultural systems is a challenge for research and policy. In UK agriculture, the European Union and its Common Agricultural Policy has been a key source of funding for and approaches to sustainability in the agriculture and rural development sectors. The decision to leave the European Union represents a significant moment in UK agriculture and rural development policy, and both an opportunity and responsibility for the UK government to set out and commit towards achieving sustainability goals for the sector. In this study, a combination of ethnographic case study research, focusing on the case of upland farmers in the Yorkshire Dales, policy analysis and national agricultural sector data is referred to in describing experiences of agricultural policy reform over recent decades. From these experiences, lessons for the design and delivery of future agriculture and rural development are drawn out. It is argued that the integrated assessment of multiple sources of knowledge can provide a means to critically reflecting on evidence about sustainability in complex systems, better understanding trade-offs, and creating a more complete and inclusive knowledge base from which to define sustainable agriculture.     

Spatial development policy: changing roles for local and regional authorities in the Netherlands

Implementation of spatial policy involves intervention in the land market. In the Netherlands local government also acts as a land developer. Due to an increase in activities in the land market by private actors and an increase in the geographical scale of economic and social processes, this practice is under threat. This paper analyses the background and evolution of Dutch spatial development policy during the last ten years, from the perspective of governmental directive function for spatial policy. It focuses on the multi-level governance between local and regional governments and between local government and private actors.     

泉州市农村土地承包经营权流转研究

近年来,农村土地承包经营权流转在各地快速发展。泉州在推进农村土地承包经营权流转在过程中,在流转期限和流转用途等方面具有不同特点,通过充分利用政策促动,项目拉动,以点带动等措施推动土地流转发展,泉州实现了经济、社会、产业等效益上的进步。但发展过程中仍存在着的土地流转思想顾虑、收益无浮动,渠道无畅通,行为不规范和种植“非粮化”等问题,应通过确保农民在土地流转中的主体地位,健全土地流转市场的中介服务体系,强化土地流转的农村社会保障机制,完善土地流转的政府支持配套政策,以推动泉州农村经济社会又好又快发展。     

Spatio-temporal dynamic patterns of farmland and rural settlements in Su–Xi–Chang region: Implications for building a new countryside in coastal China

This paper analyzes the spatio-temporal dynamic patterns of farmland and rural settlements from 1990 to 2006 in Su–Xi–Chang region of coastal China experienced dramatic economic and spatial restructuring, using high-resolution Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) data in 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2006, and socio-economic data from both research institutes and government departments. To examine the spatial patterns of farmland and rural settlements and their change over time, a set of pattern metrics that capture different dimensions of land fragmentation was identified. The outcomes indicated that, to a large extent, land-use change from 1990 to 2006 in Su–Xi–Chang region was characterized by a serious replacement of farmland with urban and rural settlements, construction land, and artificial ponds. Population growth, rapid industrialization and urbanization are the major driving forces of farmland change, and China's economic reforms played an important role in the transformation of rural settlements. China's “building a new countryside” is an epoch-making countryside planning policy. The focuses of building a new countryside in coastal China need to be concentrated on protecting the farmland, developing modern agriculture, and building “clean and tidy villages.” Rural construction land consolidation and cultivated land consolidation are two important ways to achieve the building objectives. The authors argue that it is fundamental to lay out a scientific urban–rural integrated development planning for building a new countryside, which needs to pay more attention to making the rural have certain functions serving for the urban. In addition, the cultural elements of idyll and the rural landscape need to be reserved and respected in the process of building a new countryside in coastal China, instead of building a new countryside, which looks more like a city.     

基于内容分析法的美丽乡村概念研究

[目的]近年来美丽乡村建设正在我国如火如荼地开展,建设取得了很大成就,但是同时也存在同质化、空心化等问题。与此同时,关于美丽乡村的研究也呈不断上升的趋势,然而美丽乡村的内涵却并没有达成共识。为了明确美丽乡村建设的方向,从而促进美丽乡村的健康可持续发展,文章基于内容分析法重新构建了"美丽乡村"的概念。[方法]该文在诸多文献中选择了50个研究样本,其中包括25篇学术期刊论文、10篇学位论文、8本专著、4个政府文件以及3篇新闻报道;然后构建了美丽乡村概念的类目系统,并进行了研究的信度检验,最后对统计结果进行了分析,整个研究过程严格遵循了内容分析法公认的研究规范。[结果]类目频次超过50%频率的4个类目分别是"生态环境美"、"人居环境美"、"经济社会发展"、"社会和谐"。[结论]美丽乡村是指生态环境和人居环境优美、经济繁荣且具有可持续性、社会和谐文明的乡村。     

Accelerated restructuring in rural China fueled by ‘increasing vs. decreasing balance’ land-use policy for dealing with hollowed villages

Rapid industrialization and urbanization in China has produced a unique phenomenon of ‘village-hollowing’, shaped by the dual-track structure of socio-economic development. This paper analyzes the phenomenon of ‘village-hollowing’, identifying the processes and influences that have driven their evolution, and highlighting the challenge that the locking-up of unused rural housing land in ‘hollowed villages’ presents for China in the context of concerns over urban development and food security. The paper examines the ‘increasing vs. decreasing balance’ land-use policy has been adopted by the Chinese government in response to the problem, which seeks to balance increases in urban construction land with a reduction in rural construction land. The implementation of the scheme is discussed through a case study of Huantai county in Shandong province, drawing attention to its contested and contingent nature. It is argued that the policy is a top-down approach to rural restructuring that necessarily requires the acquiescence of local actors. However, it is noted that failures to adequate engage with local actors has led to resistance to the policy, including violent protests against the demolition of housing. The paper suggests that lessons might be learned from Europe by incorporating elements of ‘bottom-up’ planning into the process. As such, the paper demonstrates that rural restructuring in China is a dynamic, multi-scalar and hybrid process that shares common elements and experiences with rural restructuring in Europe and elsewhere, but which is also strongly shaped by the distinctive political, economic, social and cultural context of China.     

农村集体经济有效发展的关键影响因素分析——基于定性比较分析(QCA)方法

[目的]农村集体经济是农村双层经营的重要组成部分,对于促进农业持续发展、农村社会稳定发挥了重要作用,也是我国社会各界关注的焦点和专家学者研究的热点。事件的发生常常是多个因素组合影响的结果,农村集体经济的有效发展也是由多个因素构成的条件组合共同影响的结果。[方法]文章以2016年宁夏二区县调研的案例数据为例,通过运用定性比较分析(QCA)方法,分析影响农村集体经济有效发展的条件组合。[结果](1)农村集体经济的有效发展不单单取决于某一因素的影响,而是多个因素所构成的组合的影响,即精英带领、良好的制度保障和基础保障及较高的村民认知程度能够有效促进农村集体经济的发展;(2)精英带领是农村集体经济有效发展的核心必要条件,对农村集体经济的有效发展具有重要影响。[结论]推动农村集体经济的有效发展需要内部动力和外部推力的共同作用。对此提出充实并强化农村集体经济建设人才;提高农村集体资产利用率;加强政府财政投入和政策保障力度以及提高农民集体意识的政策建议。     

论新农村建设农户居住空间景观设计的新颖性

人类最主要的社会活动场所是我们的居住空间。居住空间模式可以反映一个国家或地区的经济生产水平、物质与精神文明、文化渊源等诸多方面。在人类生产生活中,人类的居住环境与自然相互依存。农村居住环境作为人类从事农业生产活动之后聚集形成的生活空间,是人类居住空间的重要组成部分。随着经济的快速发展,新农村建设正在稳步发展,人民生活水平不断提高。在新农村建设过程中,农户居住空间作为农村空间结构的重要组成部分,直接关系到人们日常生活领域的建构,其景观设计直接影响了新农村建设中农户对外部空间的感知与认识。文章着重从适应现代发展要求出发,在总结相关概念的基础上,分析新农村建设中农户居住空间景观设计的要素与原则,探讨其景观设计中蕴含的新颖性,并针对新农村建设农户居住空间形态发展趋势提出相关政策建议,以期推动农户居住环境、新农村建设的健康发展。     

The Possibility of Industrial Policy

In this paper I shall outline and analyse the case for employing industrial policy in the pursuit of economic development, in the particular context of Sanjaya Lall's contributions in this area. The case for industrial policy rests on both a positive vision (the nature of technological knowledge and technological capabilities) and a normative vision (government capacity and the promotion of competitiveness). The case for industrial policy depends on establishing both its necessity and its possibility. Necessity is defined in terms of the nature of knowledge and technology, and its implications in terms of market failure; possibility is defined in the context of political economy, and in terms of the costs of discretionary policy interventions. The broader debate on industrial policy is framed in terms of these two dimensions. In particular, the possibility of a welfare-enhancing industrial policy is circumscribed by the ability to control the potential costs of discretionary government intervention. This ability is in turn a function of the political process and of “social capital”, a late concern of Lall's.     

Land acquisition compensation in post-reform China: Evolution,structure and challenges in Hangzhou

This paper focuses on evolving land acquisition compensation policy and practice in Hangzhou, a better-developed coastal city in the Yangtze River Delta Region, by assessing the evolution of land acquisition compensation and the interplay among the main actors, especially the local government and affected individual villagers and rural collectives. It evaluates the hybrid compensation governance that includes monetary compensation, employment alternatives, share-holding co-operative, social security assurance, and rural collective retained land. The study reveals that while land acquisition compensation has been gradually improved in many aspects, land-lost villagers are still subject to various uncertainties in sustaining their lives, competing in the labor market, and adapting to urban life. Furthermore, markedly improved land acquisition compensation in Hangzhou has created newly emerging socio-economic problems amongst dislocated rural villagers. The paper reveals how different compensation measures have redefined rural collectives and land-lost rural villagers in the urbanization process.     

Agri‐environmental Instruments for an Integrated Rural Policy: An Economic Analysis

The new Rural Development Regulation of the EU reflects the shift of attention within rural areas from agricultural production towards rural development and embraces both farmers and non‐farm residents. While agricultural production is required to comply with environmental standards, rural areas also have to fulfil the growing demand for landscape, outdoor recreation and wildlife conservation. This paper develops a model of a rural area where farmers and non‐farm residents live together. A central government uses a combination of two‐policy instruments ‐ direct compensation payments and public services ‐ aimed at encouraging farmers to adopt environmentally beneficial practices and at the same time to increase the provision of countryside amenities and the sustained vitality of the rural area. The optimal mix of the policy instruments is evaluated under various governmental objectives. The analysis suggests that a combination of direct payments to farmers with the supply of local public services is a promising tool for rural policy development initiatives in the EU.     

Bridging between the regional degree and the community approaches to rurality—A suggestion for a definition of rurality for everyday use

The territorial approach to rural development highlights the role of local actors, networks, culture, nature and landscape amenities. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) definition of rurality is, however, not capable of dealing with local and community definitions of rurality, which vary from study to study. In everyday life, physical planners, rural policymakers and local rural actors need a consistent definition of rurality. The reason is that structural reforms have led to larger administrative units that have less experience-based knowledge about the individual rural communities within a municipality than do local authorities. In this article, we propose a consistent definition of rurality that is easy for physical planners, rural policy makers and local rural actors to understand and apply in everyday use. In addition, our definition will be able to deal with both the regional and the community approach to rurality. This definition is based on an interdisciplinary literature review that starts with land cover and geographical mapping. The definition is then applied to the case of Denmark.     

村集体在建立规模化家庭农场结构中的角色作用

文章基于土地流转背景下,以吉登斯的结构化理论为基础,构建以家庭农场主、土地流出户、村集体、地方政府为行动者的家庭农场结构,探讨在地方政府的引导与监督下,村集体与家庭农场主、土地流出户利益博弈的过程。分析村集体为了实现集体资产的保值增值,与家庭农场结构产生互动。村集体的行为既受到外部政策制度方面的约束,又受到内部管理自主性的约束;村集体通过自己的能动性反作用于家庭农场结构,最大限度地弥补外部政策制度的缺失,通过自己的实践经验突破家庭农场结构的内部制约。促使家庭农场结构不断改变,产生新的规则与资源,再形成新的结构,并在实践中接受新的调整与改变,经历新结构化过程,保持着动态的变迁。在与家庭农场结构的互动过程中,村集体发挥着沟通协调、经营协助、中介桥梁、引导服务等角色作用,实现农村集体经济的健康发展。同时促进家庭农场结构中各行动者利益的实现。