长江流域森林与水旱灾害的关系研究

选取长江上游宁南、平武、梓潼3个典型小流域以及四川省射洪县、宜流县等10个县区为研究区,通过模型计算与实测资料结合,分析了长江上游生态系统水源涵养能力和森林覆盖率对水流域径流的影响,以及不同区县森林对农田生态系统旱情缓解的作用。     

长江上游地区森林植被的恢复对策

本文分析了恢复森林植被是长江上游地区生态环境建设的主体,长江上游地区恢复森林植被中存在的主要问题,提出了恢复森林植被的指导思想、基本原则、对策措施和政策建议。     

基于适应性管理视域的森林生态系统服务主导因子研究——以大小兴安岭森林生态功能区为例

基于适应性管理应用到森林生态系统管理的管理模式,以黑龙江省大小兴安岭森林生态功能区为例,利用主成分分析法从气候调节、生态保持、产品供给和休闲服务4个方面分析影响森林生态系统服务功能的主导因子及构成各个影响因子的核心指标。经研究发现产品供给和休息服务对森林生态系统服务功能的短期影响较大。其中,气候调节和生态保持则属于长期影响因素,对森林生态系统服务功能的短期影响较小。最后,在上述分析的基础上提出适应气候变化,改善生态环境;调整林产品供给结构,加强非林木产品供给能力;增强森林生态服务,扩大森林游憩影响;协调森林生态系统内部关系,提高森林生态系统服务质量等建议。     

金沙江林区与长江防护林体系

去年七、八月间,长江上游的四川省连续下了两次暴雨,使119个县受灾,淹没县城53个,场镇580个,淹没和垮塌房屋160万间,约有20万户、100万人受重灾,毁坏农作物1251万亩,粮食减收约30亿斤,造成的经济损失约25亿元。素有“天府之国”称誉的四川省,竟出现如此严重的洪灾,除暴雨这一灾害性的自然因素外,长江上游和四川盆地的森林植被遭到严重破坏,也是极为重要的因素之一。解放初期,四川省还是我国森林比较多的省份之一,覆盖率为19%。五十年代后期,由于人们对森林缺乏全面的科学的认识以及工作中的失误,使仅存的森林遭到又一次极为严重的破坏,森林覆盖率曾一度下降到9%。后来几经努力,森林有所恢复,但至今覆盖率才回升     

县域森林生态安全评价分析研究——基于湖北省29个县统计数据

文章在PSR模型的基础上,将响应作为压力层的逆指标建立森林生态安全评价指标体系,并引入生态区位系数作为灰色关联分析的参考数列进行指标赋权,选取湖北省重点生态功能区所在的29个区县,对其森林生态系统的安全状况进行评价分析。结果表明:29个区县中,鄂西北和鄂西南地区的森林生态安全水平要优于鄂东地区;鄂东地区的森林生态系统承受的压力大于鄂西南和鄂西北地区,但通过增强森林生态建设和保护的力度可以缓解森林生态系统的压力,改善森林生态系统的安全状况。     

森林生态系统服务功能价值计量述评

森林生态系统服务功能价值计量,特别是将其价值额度量化从而获得其货币价值量的研究,有利于提高研究社会群体对森林重要性的认识程度和保护森林资源的意识。文章系统梳理了森林生态系统服务功能价值界定、价值论和方法学以及服务功能总价值计量评价,提出采用森林生态系统长期连续定位观测数据、森林资源清查数据及社会公共数据来计量森林生态系统服务功能,并通过实物量和价值量方法进行评估,以期为生态文明建设研究、生态补偿机制的完善、绿色GDP核算提供理论指导和决策支持。     

世界森林生态系统概评

世界森林生态系统包括热带、亚热带、温带森林,北方针叶林以及其他有林地。由于人类社会经济活动,森林生态系统遭受了规模巨大的损失,表现出非完整性特征,并使森林火灾发生的频数增加,强度加大。目前全球有60%多的森林面积受到人类经济活动的干扰和影响,工业化国家绝大部分的森林是处于“半自然”状态下,或转变为人工林,发展中国家森林覆盖率下降,从而改变了森林生态系统提供的商品和服务。     

森林生态系统管理与区域经济的协同发展研究——评《森林生态系统理论与应用》

正实现经济社会可持续发展、建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会,是国家针对新国情提出的重大决策。森林生态系统是森林生物与环境之间相互作用的统一体系,在大气生态平衡中起着"除污吐新"的重要作用,能够维持生物圈稳定、改善生态环境。在"绿水青山就是金山银山"的重要思想指引下发挥森林生态系统的治污能力,对维护区域环境空气质量、调整区域经济发展模式更具有理论和实践意义。由韩海荣主编、中国林业出版社出版的《森林生态系统理论与应用》一书,从种群、群落、森林环境因子等不同角度分析了森林生态系统,探究了森林生态系统的能量流动、物质循环、有害生物防治和管理以及生态恢复问题。     

森林健康评价国内外相关研究

森林健康是森林生态系统健康和恢复的简称。对林业而言,森林健康是一个新的术语。现有文献对森林健康的理解和阐述有着本质的不同。文章着重从森林健康的内涵、评价指标以及评价方法3个方面梳理了国内外相关研究内容。认为欧州更多强调与空气污染有关的森林损害,美国更多强调火灾和病虫害对森林健康的影响。目前研究主要集中在评价技术和森林健康监测指标方法,而对于如何维持和调控森林健康,还只是处于经验总结阶段。     

森林生态系统综合管理:美国经验及其对中国的启示

生态文明背景下,应整体理解森林的价值,科学量化森林生态系统服务功能,通过生态系统管理对森林价值进行公平分配。美国森林生态系统管理涵盖了生态整体性、监测、适应性管理、跨部门合作、组织变革以及人的价值观等内容。美国西北林业计划大胆背离传统土地管理方法,在科学监测基础上实现一体化的适应性管理。美国森林遗产项目鼓励和支持各州从私有林主手中获得生态保护地役权,将公共利益最大化。中国应当借鉴美国经验,通过立法明确生态系统管理为行政管理部门的法定职责,承认森林生态系统服务的财产属性,设立生态保护地役权制度,平衡个人财产权利与公共生态利益之间的法律关系,明晰地区之间的生态法律关系,以实现生态公平。     

国土资源科技进步与可持续发展

本文探讨了国土资源科技进步与可持续发展的关系 ,科技进步实现我国现阶段可持续发展的途径 ,对可持续发展的未来进行了展望 ,并提出了若干结论和建议。     

国土资源与可持续发展

今天 ,我向大家介绍一下我国国土资源的有关情况 ,并与大家一起学习中央关于国土资源管理的重要指示精神。我的介绍分为三个部分 :一是对国土资源重要地位和作用的认识 ;二是对国土资源面临严峻形势的分析 ;三是保护和合理利用国土资源的对策。一、国土资源的重要地位和作用自然资源包括土地资源、矿产资源、海洋资源、水资源、森林资源、草原资源、生物资源、气候资源、能源资源及自然景观旅游资源等十多种。社会生产离不开资源 ,无论生产创造的财富属于哪一个门类 ,其起始点都必定是自然资源。任何一个国家 ,其经济发展的规模、速度以及稳…     

江苏省地质环境管理改革发展的目标与路径

江苏省现阶段的主要地质环境问题是由自然因素和人为因素造成和引发的。多年来,江苏省地质环境管理取得了很大成绩,但也存在不少问题。新时期加强地质环境管理要根据江苏省的实际,不断深化认识,健全法制,明确责任,突出重点,拓宽地质环境管理思路;要从政府、企业和社会三方面着手,构建保障社会科学发展的地质环境管理新机制,全面推进地质环境管理改革,为江苏省现代化建设"两个率先"的宏伟目标服务。     

保障抗震救灾粮油质量安全的实践与体会

<正>"5·12"特大地震,给四川省粮食系统造成了重大人员伤亡和巨额经济损失,全省21个市州、148个县(市、区)、618个企业遭受了不同程度的破坏和损失,造成的直接和间接经济损失达到140亿     

Similarities and dissimilarities between the EU agricultural and rural development model and Romanian agriculture. Challenges and perspectives

The main aims of this study are to highlight the differences and the similarities between the European model of agricultural and rural development, and the state of play in the Romanian agricultural sector. Statistically speaking, the agricultural sector's indicators of the past two decades place Romania outside the family picture of the EU countries, with very slight resemblances, and very strong discrepancies between their economic, technical, and institutional characteristics. At present, competition-wise, farming and farmers in Romania are still strongly disfavoured in relation to their competitors in the old EU Member States. In Romania, the economic and institutional mechanisms have most often been devised to the disadvantage of agricultural production, by claiming that subsistence farming would be the sustainable way, and by channelling the added value to other sectors. An option to continue the agricultural policies of the past decades and to abandon the national support lent to agriculture would be particularly risky through its unpredictable and incalculable social and economic effects.     

Land use planning and health and well-being

This paper is concerned with the relationship between the planning of settlements and health. It gives a brief introduction to the issues before summarising the evidence in relation to a range of topics, concluding with some more speculative thoughts on likely future findings.Modern planning was invented in response to inhumane living conditions in 19th century cities. But in the last century the connection was lost. Only now, with concerns over climate change and obesity, is there beginning to be the realisation that the physical environment is an important determinant of health.The paper uses a particular model of this relationship based on eco-system and health determinants theories to structure the review of evidence. The review covers: lifestyle choices in relation to physical activity and diet, mental well-being and community, the local economy and income, health inequalities and strategic land use transport planning, pollution and urban form, and finally impacts on global ecology.There is now a growing consensus that while personal factors are critical in determining health, the urban environment exacerbates or mitigates health and well-being outcomes.The level of active travel (walking and cycling) and outdoor recreational activity is strongly affected by accessibility to local facilities. Access to green, natural environments, and to local social networks, are factors in mental well-being. The wider sub-regional pattern of housing, economic development, land use and transport is a determinant of social exclusion and therefore health inequalities. It also affects health-damaging pollution, adaptability in the face of climate change and the level of carbon dioxide emissions.We have literally been building unhealthy conditions into many of our towns and cities. But comparisons with the best cities in Europe indicate that it is possible to reverse the less desirable trends. Success depends, however, on more radical policies of local authority control over land and finance than any political party has yet advocated. It also requires collaboration between the full range of powerful public and private organizations that influence the built environment.Future research is likely to further strengthen these conclusions. It will become much more obvious that planning for health and well-being is not only the NHS, but about creating a health-promoting physical, social and economic environment.     

Mix and sequencing of economywide and agricultural reforms: Chile and New Zealand

Once committed to economywide and sectoral reforms – stabilization, structural adjustment, and trade liberalization – and companion reforms of institutions, how does government best proceed? With what reforms in response to initial conditions, and in what mix, sequence, strength, and speed? This study examines what factors were most critical to success during transition in two early reformers. The economies of Chile and New Zealand have undergone seismic reforms, starting in the mid-1970s and 1980s, respectively. Comparative analysis of their reforms look at the prior conditions that induced drastic action and the policy choices made in each country. Though similar in many respects, differences in initial economic conditions and implementation led to dissimilar, even contrary results. For Chile, the outcome was a vigorous, recharged economy and agricultural sector; for New Zealand, the economy and the sector are lagging still. How policy choice and implementation, as well as simultaneity of reforms, affected the outcomes is the major thrust of the study. The preeminence of trade and macroeconomic policies over sectoral interventions, and in particular the strategic nature of the real exchange rate in allowing agriculture to compete domestically and internationally highlight the discussion.