关于我国经常项目影响因素的理论及计量分析——基于1985-2008年经常项目余额与消费、就业、货币存量、国外净资产的关系研究

本文借鉴并发展了Maurice Obstfeld(1981)的模型,在其基础上进一步考虑了就业人数、消费支出、货币存量、净国外资产对经常项目余额的影响.在模型推导的基础上,本文利用计量方法得出了以下结论:就业量、国外净资产对我国经常项目余额有较大的促进作用,货币供给量也有同样但较温和的促进作用,消费支出对我国经常项目余额有比较显著的副作用.此外脉冲反应分析也证明了以上结论.     

中国经常项目顺差影响因素的协整分析

利用中国1982～2009年的数据,采用E-G两步法、向量误差修正模型对中国经常项目顺差的影响因素进行了分析。结果表明,经常项目差额占GDP的比率与储蓄率(S/GDP)、净国外资产占GDP的比率(NFA/GDP)、投资率(资本形成总额/GDP)之间存在长期的均衡关系。其中,储蓄率、投资率对经常项目差额的影响较大,是造成经常项目顺差的主要因素。     

Cointegration Analysis on the Factors that Affect China＇ s Current Account Surplus

利用中国1982～2009年的数据,采用E-G两步法、向量误差修正模型对中国经常项目顺差的影响因素进行了分析。结果表明,经常项目差额占GDP的比率与储蓄率（S/GDP）、净国外资产占GDP的比率（NFA/GDP）、投资率（资本形成总额/GDP）之间存在长期的均衡关系。其中,储蓄率、投资率对经常项目差额的影响较大,是造成经常项目顺差的主要因素。     

净国外资产和国际调节:美国、日本和德国

本文通过对净国外资产状况进行透视分析,考察美国、日本和德国的外部调节。本文提出两个问题:一、从长期看,什么是净国外资产均衡的决定因素?二、从短期看是哪些调节机制维持了净国外资产的均衡?分析战后的一些数据可以得出两点认识:一、动用共合体方法,可以辨别出长期净国外资产均衡的存在,它是人口统计变量和公债的函数,二、与长期均衡的偏离在三个国家通过国内吸收作用的不同组成成分上得到反馈。     

国际收支平衡表浅析

我国加入WTO以后,国际交往越来越频繁,国际收支的项目越来越多越来越复杂,经常项目、资本与金融项目的作用和地位也在发生变化.对外收支关系国民经济的各个方面,对我国经济的又好又快发展非常重要.     

不成熟债权国、估值效应与中国的财富流失风险

中国从20世纪90年代初期开始转变为净国外资产持有者,目前是全球最大债权主体之一。但由于人民币尚未国际化,中国处于不成熟债权国地位;从债权结构看,由官方储备和债务性资产所构成的“风险资产”是中国净国外债权的主体部分;这一债权状况增加了中国的财富流失风险。基于向量误差修正模型和状态空间模型的实证检验结果表明,中国净国外债权变动中存在相当大的负估值效应,在国际金融危机期间尤为显著,人民币汇率变化是引起负估值效应的重要因素之一。因此,调整对外投资策略、稳定人民币汇率并积极推进人民币国际化是增强中国外部资产管理水平的关键。     

中国债权型货币错配探究

在世界各国货币尚未统一的现实条件下,货币错配是客观存在而又难以回避的普遍现象.我们根据一国对外资产与对外债务的状况,可以把货币错配分为两种类型即债权型货币错配与债务型货币错配.本文首先介绍货币错配研究的若干理论;其次,结合中国的债权型货币错配的特点,进行成因分析;最后,给出了弱化中国债权型货币错配的相关政策建议.     

利率衍生产品需求研究:来自中国金融机构的证据

首先从理论上分析了金融机构对利率衍生产品的需求特性,久期错配程度和资产规模对金融机构的利率衍生产品需求具有正向作用,而资本水平的影响具有两面性.在此基础上,对中国金融机构的利率衍生产品需求进行了实证分析,结果发现,上述因素的影响也体现在中国金融机构对利率衍生产品的需求上,但与理论分析及国外的相关实证结果存在较大差异,主要表现为金融机构的利率衍生产品需求与久期错配程度负相关,金融机构的利率衍生产品需求不存在规模效应,资本水平对金融机构的利率衍生产品需求有显著正向影响.对这些差异文章进行了相应的解释.     

货币错配下的央行行为选择:一个多重均衡模型

根据资产负债表表现形式的不同,货币错配可分为净外币负债形态的货币错配和净外币资产形态的货币错配,研究者大多认为当前我国面临着较为严重的后一种形式的货币错配风险,但现有模型却多数集中在对净外币负债形态的货币错配风险的研究上。文章构建了基于微观经济主体行为的多重均衡模型,试图揭示在本币升值的情况下,净外币资产形态的货币错配如何通过资产负债表渠道对银行和企业进而对宏观经济造成冲击。模型表明本币的大幅升值会恶化微观经济主体的资产负债表,并使经济稳定在"坏"的均衡点上。文章还进一步分析了在"坏"的均衡点上,央行应该采取的对策。     

当前我国国际收支的结构及风险防范

一、国际收支持续顺差的结构性特征１．我国国际收支的持续顺差呈现出经常项目与资本项目的“双顺差”并存的结构性特征，总的顺差额偏大；资本项目顺差持续高于经常项目顺差，构成国际收支顺差的主体部分。２．具体从经常项目顺差构成来看，也呈现出明显的结构性特征。表现为商品贸易余额呈现持续巨额顺差，而服务与收入项目呈现持续扩大的逆差。以１９９７年为例，商品贸易余额为４６２．２２亿美元，而服务与收入项目的逆差为１１６．４８亿美元，当年经常项目实现顺差２４５．７４亿美元。再从商品贸易账户来看，加工贸易提供的顺差逐年…     

Meaningful Measures of the Current Account

Since the conventional current account uses cash-flow accounting, it is potentially devoid of economic meaning. Assessing foreign assets at market values and including expected transfers from abroad, this paper reports two measures of the external surplus that are grounded in economic theory. The first measure is the aggregate generational current account, annual differences in the sum of net foreign assets across all current and future generations. The second measure is the generational profile of net foreign assets in a benchmark year. These ideas are implemented with data from Korea.     

External sustainability in Spanish economy: Bubbles and crises, 1970–2020

We address the issue of the sustainability Spain's external debt, using data for the period 1970–2020. To detect episodes of potentially explosive behavior of the Spanish net foreign assets over GDP ratio and the current account balance over GDP ratio, as well as episodes of external adjustments over this long period, we employ a recursive unit root test approach. Our empirical analysis leads us to conclude that there is some evidence of bubbles in the ratio between Spanish net foreign assets and the GDP. In contrast, the evidence that the ratio between the Spanish current account balance and the GDP had explosive subperiods is very weak. The episode of explosive behavior identified in the position of net foreign assets during the period 2002–2015 was the result of the country's economic expansion 1995–2007. The results also show an external adjustment during the period 2008–2019 after the start of a cyclical economic recession.     

The world's greatest debtor nation?

The widely repeated assertion that the United States has become “the world's greatest debtor nation” is based on reports of its “net international investment position.” This position relates not exclusively to debt but rather to the difference between net United States claims to foreign assets and net foreign claims to United States assets. Major portions are equities and direct investment, the latter valued at “book” or original cost.Estimates of the current value of direct investment, either market value on the basis of share prices or replacement cost, effect huge asymmetric adjustments. As United States direct investment abroad is generally much older, it has appreciated much more than foreign direct investment in the United States. With adjustments as well for the market value of gold and for bad debts, it is estimated that the United States net international investment position was more or less in balance at the end of 1987 and in only relatively small deficit at the end of 1988.     

Central bank intervention,the current account,and exchange rates

This paper seeks to explain exchange rate and current account or net foreign assets behavior under central bank foreign exchange rate intervention. To analyze central bank intervention we use the current account-net foreign assets identity, as well as the long-run monetary exchange rate model. The intervention function is one where exchange rate deviations from equilibrium are governed by nonlinear adjustments. That is, exchange rate deviations from their long-run equilibrium are such that the degree of reversion towards equilibrium increases with the size of the deviation from equilibrium. In this type of nonlinear function exchange rates determine the current account, and the current account in turn determines exchange rates. This iterative duality contrasts with several portfolio balance models where exchange rates are a function of trade, but trade is not a function of exchange rates. This two way causality is slightly more complex, but is also analytically richer than assuming that exchange rates change solely in a one step process as targeted by central banks. Managing exchange rates is posited to be an active iterative feedback process where intervention changes the current account, which may in turn make further intervention necessary.     

Long-Run and Short-Run Behavior of Korea's Current Account

Recent research indicates that an error correction mechanism exists for current account imbalances in Germany, Japan, and the United States. In this paper, I test whether current account imbalances in Korea are also self-correcting. The Empirical results are ambiguous: while no conintegrating relationship can be detected, and error correction mechanism can. Using standard econometric methods, estimates of a small-scale macroeconomic model detect no effect of Korea's lagged net foreign claim position on any relevant variable. However, I do find that the current account is influenced by Korea's lagged net foreign claim position in a direct estimate of Korea's current account. [F32]     

居民消费能力视角下的中国经常账户顺差影响因素协整分析

持续、巨额的经常账户顺差给中国带来了一系列负面影响。彻底扭转中国经常账户失衡,迫在眉睫。文章基于居民消费能力的视角,对中国经常账户问题进行了理论和实证分析。理论研究结果表明,居民消费能力是影响中国经常账户的主要因素;实证研究结果表明,中国经常账户顺差与居民消费能力、投资率、净国外资产比率和人口抚养比存在长期动态均衡关系,其中居民消费能力是影响经常账户的重要因素且与经常账户余额/GDP呈负相关关系。最后文章提出了相关的对策和建议。     

Export- and Import-Specific Habit Formation

By incorporating good-specific habit formation into the consumption of export and import goods, I examine the dynamic adjustment of a small country to a permanent terms-of-trade deterioration. With differences in the strength of habit formation between export and import goods, the shock affects net output through countervailing income and substitution effects. Unlike in the existing literature, adjacent complementarity is neither necessary nor sufficient for the shock to reduce net foreign assets. When consuming export goods is more habit forming than is consuming import goods, the resulting asymmetric inertia of exports and imports leads the current account to exhibit a J-curve.     

Composition of International Assets and the Long‐run Current Account

We document the role of capital gains and losses for the current account that a country can sustain along a balanced growth path. While it is well know that growth allows a country to run a current account deficit and still keep its external debt stable as a share of GDP, the sensitivity of the current account to the composition of external assets and liabilities has received little attention. We show that this composition matters because several assets, such as equity or FDI, earn substantial capital gains that are not reflected in the current account. A country that is a net creditor in such assets can then sustain a larger current account deficit. Using a broad sample, we show that this aspect substantially tilts estimates of the long‐run current account towards a deficit among industrialized economies, with the opposite situation for emerging markets. We also show that industrialized economies are likely to benefit from predictable capital gains in the future.     

Consumption-smoothing and the excessiveness of Greece's current account deficits

This paper investigates whether the sequence of current account deficits experienced in Greece over the 1950–1995 period have been excessive. The degree of excessiveness is gauged by comparing the actual current account series to an optimal current account measure derived from an intertemporal model of current account determination. The findings indicate that optimal consumption smoothing did not take place over the sample period suggesting that the existing restrictions to the free flow of capital were binding. More importantly the stock of net foreign liabilities was found to have been set on an unsustainable path following the 1989/90 balance of payments crisis yet there is clear evidence that this tendency has been gradually reversed during the last couple of years. First version received: October 1996/Final version received: November 1997