基于比较优势的中国玉米生产布局变迁及优化研究

目的 基于2000—2018年中国各地区玉米生产面板数据,实证分析中国玉米生产布局变迁的轨迹、驱动因素及优化方向。方法 文章运用区域重心分析法测定并描绘中国玉米生产布局变迁轨迹,运用面板模型实证分析玉米生产布局变迁影响因素,并基于比较优势理论,针对影响因素进一步分析中国各玉米种植区域的比较优势,探讨中国玉米生产布局优化方向。结果 （1）中国玉米生产重心向东北方向移动明显,以黑龙江、吉林等省份为主的北方春播玉米区逐渐取代黄淮海夏播玉米区成为我国第一大玉米主产区;玉米生产布局变迁是玉米生长季温度、生长季降雨量、玉米生产成本和有效灌溉面积等因素综合作用的结果,且不同种植区域在这4个因素上具有不同的比较优势。（2）玉米种植优势产区主要集中在东北和黄淮海地区,包括内蒙古、黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、陕西、天津、河北、山东、河南;非优势产区主要集中在西南山地丘陵区,包括四川、贵州、云南、重庆、青海、西藏;其余为较优势产区,主要分布在南方和西部区域。结论 我国应遵循玉米生产布局变迁规律,因地制宜,优化玉米生产布局,并提高跨区域粮食调配能力,确保区域间粮食供需平衡。     

中国柑橘生产布局变迁驱动机制研究——基于农户决策视角

目的 从农户决策视角研究柑橘生产布局变迁机制对优化我国柑橘生产布局、解决柑橘“卖难”问题具有重要意义。方法 文章借助Nerlove模型推导出果农种植行为对上期种植面积、上期价格、上期成本的响应函数;基于该响应函数,运用1985―2018年柑橘主产省数据构建面板模型从微观视角探讨我国柑橘农户种植决策影响因素,藉以从宏观视角分析我国柑橘生产布局变迁的驱动机制。结果 （1）浙—闽—粤地区种植面积显著减少,赣南—湘南—桂北和鄂西种植面积快速增加,长江中游种植面积缓慢增加,柑橘种植呈“西移内扩”布局;（2）劳动力成本、非农就业机会、工资性收入水平是决定柑橘生产布局的关键因素;（3）浙—闽—粤地区较高的人工成本、非农就业机会和工资性收入水平导致果农种植积极性不高,而赣—南—湘南—桂北、鄂西地区较低的人工成本、非农就业机会和工资性收入水平导致果农种植积极性较高。结论 优化柑橘种植布局,需要考虑劳动力成本、非农就业机会、工资性收入水平对柑橘种植的影响及区域差异。     

中国西瓜甜瓜生产区域布局变迁及驱动因素研究

目的 中国是西瓜甜瓜生产和消费大国，其产业发展对于保障城乡居民鲜果消费和带动农户增收非常重要。方法 文章系统梳理了1961年以后中国西瓜和甜瓜产业变迁史，运用重心模型分析中国西瓜和甜瓜生产重心演变轨迹及优势主产区变化，解析其区域布局变迁背后的影响因素。结果 （1）1961年以来中国西瓜甜瓜产业发展划分为缓慢发展期、快速发展期、全面增长期和结构调整期4个阶段。（2）20世纪90年代以来，中国西瓜生产重心整体比较稳定，向西南移动了196.82 km，中国甜瓜生产重心变化剧烈，整体向西移动了545.64 km。（3）进入21世纪以来，中国西瓜和甜瓜东北优势区地位逐渐下降，西北优势区发展快、潜力大。（4）自然禀赋、科技创新、产业政策及消费需求升级是中国西瓜和甜瓜产业区域布局变化的主要影响因素。结论 针对中国西瓜甜瓜产业发展面临的现实需求与制约瓶颈，提出未来要提升农业生产“三品一标”能力，加大产业科研资金投入，创新绿色技术，提高机械化水平，加快产销模式变革和业态功能创新，推动西瓜甜瓜产业高质量发展。     

中国葡萄种植产业布局的时空变迁及影响因素解析——基于1998—2018年省级面板数据

目的 近年来,我国葡萄种植业发展迅速,产业调整与优化将是其未来发展重点,需要对葡萄生产布局变迁及影响因素开展新的讨论。方法 文章运用描述性分析、产业集中度指数和规模比较优势指数测度1998—2018年我国葡萄生产的布局变动及发展趋势,并构建面板模型从资源禀赋、基础设施、经济因素、技术进步和政策环境五个方面探讨我国葡萄种植格局变动的影响因素。结果 我国葡萄生产的地域格局已初具雏形,且产地正在由集中走向分散,“西迁南移”变动特征显著,具有比较优势的新主产区正逐渐形成;地区自然条件、农村老龄化、灌溉条件、比较效益、非农就业、技术进步和国家政策对我国葡萄种植布局变迁具有显著影响,且不同要素对是否为主产区域的影响存在差异。结论 建议因地制宜地进行葡萄生产布局规划,着力改善生产条件,加大科技投入;进一步拓宽产业链,提升附加值;加强政府支持力度以应对转型结构调整阶段的水果供需变动。     

1980—2018年中国苹果生产及其需水量时空演变特征研究

目的 中国是世界苹果生产和消费第一大国，研究我国苹果生产及其需水量时空演变特征，对苹果产业发展、生产水资源管理和政策制定具有重要意义。然而，针对全国苹果种植及其生产的资源环境压力研究较少。方法 文章基于1980—2018年苹果生产和单位水足迹数据，从全国、省域和苹果主产区3个视角，深入探究苹果生产及需水量的时空演变特征。结果 （1）中国苹果生产发展经历了稳定发展、快速增长、迅速下降、缓慢增长和略有下降5个阶段，全国产量呈不断增加趋势，且苹果生产得到了优化。（2）中国苹果生产的单位水足迹呈下降趋势，但苹果生产需水量呈先增加后减少的“倒U型”趋势。（3）我国五大苹果产区的苹果种植面积、单产和产量发生了一定变化，且呈现出不同的变化趋势。黄土高原产区已经替代渤海湾产区成为我国苹果生产最重要的区域，尤其是陕西省，其种植面积和产量均居首位；近年来，西南冷凉高地产区和特色产区种植面积不断扩大。（4）我国各地的苹果生产需水量空间差异很大，其中山东、河北、辽宁、陕西、甘肃、山西和河南相对较大。尽管渤海湾产区苹果生产需水量仍然最大，但比重明显下降，而黄土高原产区需水量不断增加，已占全国总生产需水量的32.18%。结论 我国苹果生产及其需水量发生了明显变化，且空间差异较大，应进一步提高苹果生产的水资源利用效率，促进苹果产业可持续发展，缓解水资源压力。     

遥感技术在“两区”作物种植结构监测中的应用研究——以黑龙江省富锦市为例

目的 粮食生产功能区和重要农产品生产保护区（以下简称“两区”）划定是确保国家粮食安全和保障重要农产品有效供给的重要举措。文章调查“两区”内作物实际种植情况，探索遥感技术在“两区”作物种植结构监测和“两区”数据更新中的应用方法。方法 以黑龙江省富锦市为研究区，以Landsat8多光谱影像为数据源，采用遥感监测技术，对研究区范围内2020年水稻、玉米和大豆3种作物种植情况进行监测，识别3种作物并提取地块边界，形成作物空间分布矢量图，与“两区”划定成果图叠加对比，分析“两区”划定情况与实际种植情况的一致性。结果 （1）富锦市水稻生产功能区内水稻实际种植面积占比88.2%，玉米生产功能区内玉米实际种植面积比例为17.8%，大豆实际种植面积占大豆生产功能区的68.8%。（2）富锦市实际种植情况与“两区”划定成果要求种植面积存在明显差异，差异大小因作物不同而不同，主要受当地自然条件、国家政策和农民种植意愿的影响。结论 鉴于遥感技术可以在“两区”作物种植监测中发挥特殊作用，建议农业农村部门采用遥感技术对“两区”范围内作物种品种和种植面积等情况进行动态监测，及时掌握实际种植情况并更新“两区”数据库，实现精细化管理，进而为决策部门优化农业种植结构，保障国家粮食安全。     

中国马铃薯分省碳足迹核算与减排策略研究——基于生命周期评价法

目的 核算马铃薯碳足迹,分析马铃薯碳足迹变化特征,探寻碳减排途径,为农业固碳减排和实现碳达峰碳中和目标提供数据支撑。方法 文章利用生命周期评价法（Life Cycle Assessment,LCA）对2011—2020年中国马铃薯种植阶段的碳足迹进行核算,研究分析各种植区以及省级马铃薯碳足迹年际变化和马铃薯碳足迹构成,为马铃薯典型种植区提供减排建议。结果 2011—2020年中国省级马铃薯碳排放总量呈现波浪式下降趋势。在时间尺度上,马铃薯单位面积碳足迹呈现明显的上升趋势,年均增长77.5kg CO₂eq/hm²（P<0.01）;单位产量碳足迹呈现缓慢降低趋势,平均每10年下降0.129t CO₂eq/t （P <0.1）;在空间尺度上,北方一作区和西南单双季作区的马铃薯的单位面积碳足迹处于正增长状态,马铃薯的单位产量碳足迹在除甘肃、新疆以外的大部分地区处于减少状态,马铃薯还有很大的减排空间。在马铃薯碳足迹构成中,肥料（77.72%）是马铃薯种植阶段碳足迹的主要来源,其次是农膜（9.64%）和灌溉（8.46%）。结论 综合比较马铃薯各地区的碳足迹发现,西南单双季作区和南方冬作区的减排潜力最大,其次是中原二作区和北方一作区,马铃薯减排重心逐渐南移。马铃薯减排增产已取得了阶段性成果,未来仍有很大发展空间,其中肥料是马铃薯减排的主要入手点,各种植区应制定适合本区特征的减排方案,大力推广先进减排技术,实现马铃薯减排与增产协同发展。     

中国蒸散时空变化规律及其对耕地旱灾影响研究

目的 探究中国蒸散发时空变化规律,揭示耕地蒸散发特征与干旱灾害间的关系,为我国农业干旱灾害预警体系提供参考。方法 文章基于MODIS ET模型,将2001—2018年8天复合遥感数据及每日气象再分析数据输入模型估算陆面蒸散量,分析中国陆面蒸散量时空变化规律;根据土地覆盖类型提取中国耕地地块,探究中国耕地蒸散量变化特征;结合干旱灾害统计数据,揭示我国耕地地表类型中蒸散变化对干旱灾害的作用机制。结果 （1）2001—2018年中国陆地年总蒸散量和年均蒸散量总体呈上升趋势,空间上呈东南—西北逐渐减少的分布特征,高值区位于华南地区和西南地区,其次是华北地区,低值区位于东北地区和西北地区。（2）不同季节、不同月份之间蒸散发差异较大,夏季的蒸散量最高,春、秋次之,冬季蒸散量最小。（3）2001—2017年中国耕地面积呈现先增加后减少的趋势,2004年耕地面积达到峰值1.424亿hm²;截止2017年末,我国耕地面积达到谷值,为1.421亿hm²。（4）2001—2018年全国耕地年蒸散总量整体呈略微上升趋势,年际变化较大。五大粮食主产区中,长江中游及江淮地区年均蒸散量最大,四川盆地和黄淮海平原次之,三江平原和松嫩平原相对年均蒸散量最小。（5）在长江中游及江淮地区、四川盆地和黄淮海平原,蒸散发和干旱灾害具有较强的相关性;但在三江平原及松嫩平原,两者的相关性并不显著。结论 蒸散发作为大尺度可观测量在部分地区可以较好的反演干旱特征,研究中国不同下垫面蒸散发变化规律同时辅助其他变量,或许能为农业干旱监测预警进而估测粮食产量提供新的思路和方法。     

山西省粮食生产时空变化及供求现状分析

目的 探析山西省粮食生产的时空变化及粮食供需结构现状。方法 文章选取2010—2019年山西省粮食生产和消费数据,借助ArcGIS10.2软件、EXCEL软件,采用重心研究模型和粮食安全贡献度模型,综合探析近年来山西省粮食供需变化及粮食安全现状。结果 （1）2001—2019年山西省粮食面积和产量整体稳中有增;种植结构以玉米、小麦为主,谷子、大豆、马铃薯为辅,以及高粱、燕麦、荞麦等小杂粮类;10年来,粮食生产变化表现为以增加玉米,减少小麦和杂粮生产为特点。（2）2010—2019年大豆、燕麦和小麦的产量重心表现为由西北向东南转移,其他种类均呈现由西南向东北方向转移;种植结构变化幅度由大到小依次为：马铃薯>荞麦>大豆>高粱>燕麦>玉米>谷子>小麦。（3）2011—2019年全省粮食产量稳定情况下,以2014年为转折点粮食需求量先降低再增加,调出量先增加再减少,至2018全省粮食调出量减少为负值;粮食需求结构中,口粮占53.65%,饲料用粮占比29.68%,工业用量仅占13.53%。运城市的粮食安全贡献度最大,其次为临汾市、忻州市、朔州市和晋中市较高,长治市、大同市、吕梁市和晋城市较低;太原市和阳泉市最低,为负值。结论 山西省粮食生产表现为总体平衡,种植优势由西南向东北方向转移的趋势,且各作物种植时空变化规律性不强;种植结构尚未形成区域特色产业,粮食需求量仍有逐年递增的趋势,粮食安全仍不容忽视。     

21世纪以来江苏省水稻种植面积的变化与启示

目的 研究21世纪以来江苏省水稻种植面积稳中有增的机制，为新时期稳定粮食播种面积保障国家粮食安全提供科学依据。方法 文章采用时间序列描述性统计与区域空间比较分析、因素分解相结合的研究方法。结果 （1）2001—2020年江苏省水稻种植面积经历了“两增两减”的变化，由201.03万hm²波动增长至220.28万hm²，增长9.6%；同期广东、浙江分别减少了53.48万hm²、70.40万hm²，与江苏省水稻种植面积差距不断扩大；（2）2001—2020年江苏省苏南地区水稻种植面积减少了26.94万hm²，苏中地区水稻种植面积基本稳定，苏北地区水稻种植面积增加了45.11万hm²，苏北地区水稻种植面积增加对全省水稻种植面积增长的贡献率达234.2%，是江苏省水稻种植面积稳定的主要原因；（3）水稻生产竞争力不高和有效灌溉面积减少共同导致了苏南地区水稻种植面积的衰减，有效灌溉面积增长是苏中地区水稻种植面积基本稳定的主要原因，有效灌溉面积增加和水稻生产竞争力提升共同促进了苏北地区水稻种植面积的增加。结论 对于拥有较多后备稻田或耕地的区域，在一定时期内区域经济发展不一定导致区域内粮食种植面积的下降，但长期稳定粮食种植面积面临挑战。继续稳定江苏省水稻种植面积需要全省协同努力，苏南地区要稳定并适度增加水稻种植面积，苏中地区要积极探索稳定水稻种植面积的有效途径，苏北地区要着力发展稻米产业经济，探索水稻生产与区域经济协调发展的新路径，同时要高度重视江苏省沿海地区滨海盐土水稻生产的发展，为未来全省水稻种植面积增长开辟新空间。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.