International Trade and Gender Wage Discrimination: Evidence from East Asia

The paper explores how competition from international trade affects gender wage discrimination in two open economies. According to neoclassical theory, if discrimination is costly, then increased industry competitiveness from international trade lessens the incentive for employers to discriminate against women. This effect should be stronger in concentrated sectors, where employers can use excess profits to cover the costs of discrimination. Alternatively, increased international trade may reduce women's bargaining power to achieve wage gains. Results for Taiwan and Korea indicate that, in contrast to neoclassical theory, competition from foreign trade in concentrated industries is positively associated with wage discrimination against women.     

工业污染对我国农业的影响

本文对工业污染给我国农业发展造成的负面影响作了实证分析和规范分析（模型分析）。结果表明,要保证我国农业的持续、稳定发展,必须采取措施校正这种负面影响。措施建议是：（１）严格控制工业排污;（２）科学地收取排污费并对农业进行补偿。     

农业、工业、服务业增长对国际贸易增长影响的实证研究

国际贸易的发展必须以国内经济的发展为基础。对农业、工业、服务业的增长与国际贸易增长的关系的实证研究表明,农业和服务业的年增长率对国际贸易的发展影响不大,而工业年增长率对国际贸易的发展有显著影响。因此中国必须发展优质、高产、高效、集约化的农业;参与国际竞争;加快工业产业结构调整,推动工业向循环和集约型转变,积极提升工业产品出口竞争力;制定服务业外向型发展战略,以人才和创新推动服务业的国际参与能力的提高,以进一步促进国际贸易的发展。     

North–South trade and income inequality

This paper investigates the effects of North–South trade on international income inequality. While empirical studies suggest that trade liberalization encourages income convergence and reduces the per capita income gap between poor and rich countries, North–South trade is shown to increase the income gap between the two regions. On the other hand, trade liberalization by either region increases the welfare of both regions, and does not necessarily reduce the gap in “real income” or utility.     

订单农业履约率的概率辨析

农业远期合约是一种具有局限性和偶遇性特征的交易契约,我国的“订单农业”合约中的双方处于不完全信息状态,形成了基于信息非对称导致的市场失灵。对“订单农业”中签约双方违约可能性进行了概率辨析,论述了控制农户和公司出现违约的理论和思想,提出必要先期支出、必要价格空间等指标概念和计算方法,引入了期货市场的价格发现和套期保值机制,来构建农业再生产过程的信息发现和信息传递机制,实现农业经营风险的外部转移,提高我国农业履约率。     

Monopolistic Competition and North–South Trade

This paper examines the consequences of opening to international trade for a developing economy with open urban unemployment and rural–urban migration, where the urban sector is monopolistically competitive. It is shown that there exists a threshold level of urbanization prior to which increases in product variety will be reflected in increased urban unemployment, that opening to intra‐industry trade with a high‐wage economy (i.e. North–South trade) will reduce the rate of urban unemployment by a greater amount than intra‐industry trade with a similar economy, and that trade intervention in the South may lower welfare by reducing varieties produced in the North.     

North–South Trade Liberalization and Economic Welfare

We consider a general equilibrium model of a developing economy (the South) that opens to trade with a developed economy (the North). The southern economy is characterized by open urban unemployment and rural–urban migration, a competitive agricultural sector and a monopolistically competitive manufacturing sector. Hence, there is potential for both inter‐ and intra‐industry trade to arise on liberalization, in addition to distortionary effects of duality. Southern comparative advantage in agriculture may arise from the labor market distortion and the basis for intra‐industry trade is love for variety. We characterize various configurations of the trade pattern, and the resulting welfare consequences of opening to trade in this context. We illustrate a new mechanism under which in some circumstances it may be possible for trade liberalization to lower economic welfare in the South.     

我国绿色农产业与世界农业同步

世界农业正在形成以生产和消费有机食品、形成农产品贸易中的“绿色壁垒”、开发绿色农业技术和开展农产品绿色营销为主的绿色浪潮,它比生态农业建设、生态环境保护的内涵要丰富得多。我国虽有发展绿色农产业的一定条件和基础,但在以发达国家为主导的世界农业绿色浪潮下,我国农业更多地是面临着冲击和挑战,为此,必须采取切实措实,发展我国绿色农产业,提高我国农产品的国际市场竞争力。     

GREENHOUSE‐GAS EMISSION CONTROLS IN AN OPEN ECONOMY*

To examine how greenhouse‐gas emission controls affect a country's industrial and trade structures, this article presents an open economy model that has both Ricardian and Heckscher–Ohlin features. We specifically compare emission quotas, emission taxes, and emission standards. The patterns of production and trade critically hinge on those policy tools. It is shown that a domestic emission control may lead to carbon leakage and may not reduce the world emissions, and that emission standards may work as a “hidden” production subsidy toward an emission‐intensive industry.     

以循环农业模式破解"绿色贸易壁垒"的思考

With their advantages in the field of environmental protection, by means of combining trade in the WTO and environmental protection, many countries and territories have laid down the principle of “the green trade barrier ”, which constitutes a serious challenge against our produce export. It is hypothesized that the basic solution to the barrier is the replacement of the conventional agricultural mode with the recycling agriculture mode. whereby implementations and measures of the new mode are put forward.     

Terms-of-trade policy in a model with non-produced means of production

Terms-of-trade policies between agriculture and industry are analysed in a two-sector Sraffian model. If both sectors use only produced means of production and labor, it can be shown that an improvement in agriculture's terms of trade always leads to higher profits in agriculture. However, when non-produced means of production are introduced an exogenous increase in the relative price of agricultural commodities may cause the rate of profit in agriculture to increase, remain constant, or even decrease. Two preconditions are identified for the case in which a favorable movement in agriculture's terms of trade decreases that sector's profit rate. First at least one quality of competitively priced land must be scarce relative to the total output required. Second, the initial, economy-wide rate of profit must be positive. Finally, the effect of an input subsidy used in conjunction with terms-of-trade policy is considered. It is shown that under certain conditions reducing the price of production inputs can also cause profits to fall and rents to rise in agriculture.     

Swidden Agriculture in Developing Countries

Small farmers in many tropical developing countries practice swidden agriculture. A key aspect of swidden agriculture is the time period during which the land is left fallow. This paper uses a new ecological–economic approach to study the fallow period and to determine the optimal length of this period in swidden agriculture. The authors first construct a theoretical model of a parcel of forest land that has been cleared for swidden agriculture. It is then shown how the dynamic and the stochastic properties of this cleared land can be used to derive two objective functions for a small farmer that are ecologically meaningful. Finally, using these two objectives, a probabilistic approach to the determination of the optimal length of the fallow period is discussed. In this approach, the focus of the small farmer is on maintaining the ecological and the economic sustainability of swidden agriculture on the cleared parcel of forest land (CPFL).     

中国农业循环经济发展现状及两岸协同发展之探讨

海峡两岸农业资源的差异性与互补性明显，农业发展与农产品贸易具有一定的互补优势与合作潜力。文章首先简述了世界循环经济及中国农业循环经济的提出与内涵，着重探讨了大陆循环型农业发展的现状与趋势，初步分析、比较了两岸循环型农业发展的异同及两岸协同发展的可能性与必要性。认为海峡两岸在循环型（永续）农业发展、研发与管理过程中，既形成了各自的特色，又呈现出互补的态势，建议两岸加强携手合作，既促进循环型农业科技、信息、资源、环境等方面的优化与共享，又为共同迎接经济全球化和区域化的挑战，开创新的契机。     

Environmental impact of customs union agreement with EU on Turkey's trade in manufacturing industry

In this study, we analyse Turkey's manufacturing industry trade by estimating sectoral import and export demand equations for 1980–2000. The study aims to understand whether the trade in the manufacturing industry complies with pollution haven hypothesis, and whether the free trade environment provided by the customs union (CU) agreement altered the trade pattern of the clean and dirty industries. Results of our econometric models have shown that while CU positively affects the import demand, it does not have any significant impact on the export demand of Turkish manufacturing industry. In terms of the environmental impact, distinction between clean and dirty industries turns out to be significant for both import and export demand. In general, our findings suggest that both clean and dirty industries’ import demand increased during the study period. In terms of export demand, clean industries’ export demand declines whereas dirty industries’ export demand increases compared to the total demand.     

充分利用入世机遇 大力发展外向型农业

发展外向型农业是利用入世机遇、增强中国农业竞争力的内在要求。本文探讨了入世后中国农业面临的发展机遇，分析了中国农业的比较优势，对利用入世机遇，发挥比较优势，大力发展外向型农业提出了对策建议。     

"三农"问题的制度根源与改革思路探析

"三农"问题在我国既是一个历史问题,更是一个制度问题。制度歧视是造成"三农"问题的主要根源。城乡分异的户籍制度造成了农民不平等的社会身份;长期"以农哺工"的产业政策、向上倾斜的财税制度及以城市为中心的公共政策是造成农村贫困、农业落后的主要原因;城乡二元土地管理制度使农民长期承受过多过重的社会负担,造成农民生活贫困化和边缘化;不健全的金融服务体系使农业产业化缺乏有效的资本支持……加快体制改革步伐是解决"三农"问题的根本所在,但土地管理制度、农村社会保障制度以及人才管理制度的改革还需要理论创新的支持。     

全要素网络下技农贸一体化与“互联网+农业”可持续发展

转型升级与可持续发展是我国现代农业发展的战略目标。从农业生产中的全要素网络理论模型构建入手，分析全要素网络与技农贸一体化之间的关系，提出3种技农贸一体化模式，即“公司+农户”模式、家庭农场模式及农业电商模式，并对3种模式下要素整合能力进行比较分析。整合互联网技术与可持续发展理念，提出“互联网+农业”发展模式，并结合全要素网络理论，归纳出“互联网+农业”可持续发展的4条路径。最后，以“供销e家”为案例，阐述其全要素网络架构和技农贸一体化道路，并说明其对“互联网+农业”可持续发展的启示价值。研究结论对于探索中国农业现代化发展的本质、关系、规律及途径具有重要的理论意义和现实指导价值。     

“农改超”与中国农业发展

农业是国民经济的基础,发展农业生产,增加农业收入,提升农产品的竞争力是举国上下关注的头等大事。以“农改 超”为龙头对中国农业进行重组和再造,不仅能更好地满足人们日益增长的消费需求,提高生活质量,而且,对提高农产品的 质量和安全性、构筑适应市场经济发展的农产品供应链和实现农业现代化有着极其重要的意义。     

农工商一体化的葡萄酒业生态经济模式——以张裕卡斯特酒庄为例

烟台张裕卡斯特酒庄是一个集生态农业、生态工业、生态旅游多功能于一体,具有典型循环经济特征的葡萄酒生产企业。其农工商一体化的生态经济模式,是中国葡萄酒业发展的必然产物,能够最大限度地利用资源,减少对环境的污染,使人与自然环境、酿酒工业与自然环境、社会环境和自然环境实现协调发展。     

基于投入产出法的浙江省虚拟水贸易实证分析

基于"虚拟水"理论,利用2005年和2007年浙江省的投入产出表(延长表)和各产业部门的用水数据,采用投入产出分析法构建价值型-实物型水资源投入产出模型,计算并分析了2005年和2007年浙江省各产业部门的虚拟水贸易量。结果表明:浙江省通过商品贸易向他省和国外输出的虚拟水主要集中在纺织、缝纫及皮革产品制造业和机械设备制造业;通过商品贸易向省内输入的虚拟水集中在农业、化学工业、金属冶炼及加工制造业、采掘业和食品制造和烟草加工业;从虚拟水贸易结构来看,农业和重工业为净输入虚拟水贸易行业,轻工业为净输出虚拟水贸易行业。