技术差距、FDI知识溢出与内资企业创新能力——基于中国高技术产业的实证检验

笔者以中国高技术产业为研究对象,实证分析了内外资企业技术差距对FDI知识溢出、内资企业创新能力的影响。结果表明:外资企业的R&D活动产生了显著的知识溢出效应,并由此推动了内资企业创新能力的提高,但相对于内资企业自主R&D投入而言,FDI渠道的知识溢出对于内资企业创新能力的提升作用相对较小。内外资企业技术差距对于FDI知识溢出、内资企业创新能力具有非线性影响。     

FDI流入对我国工资差距的影响——一个倒U形关系的形成、弱化及其解释

本文发现,2000-2001年我国各地的外资企业相对当地总体平均工资差距与当地固定费产投资中外资所占比重之间存在显著的倒U形关系,但近些年这一关系逐渐减弱.本文认为外资企业与当地国内企业之闻的技术差距在各地区的差异是导致这种倒U形关系出现的重要原因.西部部分地区FDI的低效率和东部部分省份FDI的技术溢出都使得内外资企业间的技术差距导致工资差距缩小,并且技术溢出越显著的地区.内外资企业问的工资差距也越小.而近些年这种倒U形关系的弱化实际上是由个别省份造成的,总体上这种关系在我国仍然存在.     

外商直接投资的工资效应——基于我国制造业面板数据的实证研究

本文重点分析外商直接投资对我国制造业平均工资水平的影响,通过选取我国制造业28个细分行业2005—2009年的产业层面数据,从实证方面就外商直接投资的总体工资效应及其对制造业国有企业的工资溢出机制进行了研究。研究结果表明,外资企业在其进入过程中,通过影响工资效应的两个传导机制即技术外溢渠道与劳动力市场渠道,对我国制造业国有企业的工资增长产生促进作用,并且其作用效果因行业特征的不同而不同。具体而言,在行业引资程度较高以及内外资企业技术差距较低的行业中,外商直接投资将对工资溢出产生积极影响。     

制度约束、FDI技术溢出渠道与国内企业技术进步——基于中国工业企业数据的考察

本文将制度约束纳入到FDI技术溢出渠道中,并选取1998—2007年中国工业企业的微观数据,通过OP三步法获得技术进步指标以科学衡量我国制造业技术进步的真实状态,然后采用系统矩估计(SYS-GMM),分析FDI水平溢出、前向溢出和后向溢出对国内企业技术进步的影响。研究发现:我国转轨过程中所特有的制度约束使国内企业难以实现技术进步;在这种制度约束下,FDI三种技术溢出渠道对国内企业技术进步所产生的影响各异;FDI来源渠道所产生的技术溢出也不一样,制度约束显著影响国内企业技术吸收能力。     

技术差距对FDI溢出的门限效应研究——来自中国制造业的经验证据

运用中国1995～2010年制造业省级面板数据,对FDI的技术溢出效应及技术差距在该效应中的影响进行实证检验,结果显示:FDI溢出效应在不同省份是有差异的,且内外资技术差距在FDI溢出中存在着显著的门限效应。在技术差距较小的省份,技术差距对FDI溢出存在促进作用;中等技术差距的省份,技术差距对FDI溢出影响不显著;技术差距较大的省份,技术差距对FDI溢出存在抑制作用。     

FDI对东道国经济发展的溢出效应:文献综述

对国内外FDI溢出效应的实证研究和理论研究进行了系统回顾。大多数实证研究发现,FDI的行业间溢出效应尤其是后向关联溢出效应显著为正,而行业内溢出效应并不显著或为负向溢出效应;技术差距、交流成本以及FDI进入方式是影响FDI溢出效应的重要因素。理论研究发现:适当的技术差距和市场容量能使FDI进入产生明显的后向关联效应,并增加上下游行业的产出,同时会促使跨国公司向本地供应商进行非排他性的技术扩散;中间产品的多样化和市场竞争结构显著影响FDI后向关联溢出效应——这是实证研究很少涉及的部分,是未来进一步研究的重点。     

生产性服务业FDI对我国制造业技术溢出的渠道分析

本文首先采用Malmquist指数法测算了制造业全要素生产率,并将其增长分解为技术进步和技术效率变化,然后利用省级面板数据考察了生产性服务业FDI对我国制造业的技术溢出效应。结论表明:生产性服务业FDI对制造业生产率的提高具有明显的溢出效应,从溢出渠道看,技术效率效应大于技术进步效应。与制造业FDI相比,生产性服务业FDI对制造业生产率的影响较大,且制造业FDI主要通过技术进步渠道来提升制造业生产率的,二者溢出渠道不同。提升制造业生产率的动力因素呈现地区分化特征,中东部地区主要有生产性服务业FDI、RD投入和人力资本投入等,而西部地区主要依靠人均资本存量、制造业FDI和贸易开放等,这具有一定的政策含义。     

外国直接投资的溢出效应研究

外国直接投资(FDI)作为当今世界技术转移最重要的载体之一,其溢出效应是推动东道国经济发展的重要动力.以往的研究过多地注重于考察特定东道国溢出效应的存在性和显著性,没有对溢出效应的产生渠道及其制约因素进行分析,而这正是导致FDI溢出效应国际差异的根本原因.本文将以此为重点,深入分析溢出效应的产生渠道及其制约因素.     

FDI对内资企业的技术进步门槛效应研究

外商直接投资(FDI)对于东道国内资企业技术进步的影响存在争议,本文采用1998-2007年我国制造业企业层面数据,运用Hansen门槛模型实证检验了行业内和行业间FDI对内资企业技术进步的影响。实证结果显示FDI技术进步溢出效应主要发生在行业间而不是行业内:FDI与行业间前向溢出效应呈现"U"形关系,而行业内水平溢出效应和行业间后向溢出效应并不显著。进一步从FDI来源异质性层面分析,发现港澳台资本产生的技术溢出效应并不显著,而西方资本产生的后向溢出效应呈现"U"形关系。本文探究了FDI垂直溢出效应的非线性关系,为我国进一步深化改革,扩大资本市场开放有重要指导意义。     

东道国制度安排、市场分割与FDI溢出效应：来自中国的证据

本文选取桂琦寒等（2006）的相对价格法测算了消费品市场、资本品市场和劳动力市场的市场分割指数，并考察了市场分割程度对我国FDI溢出效应的长短期效应。经验分析发现：随着我国市场一体化程度日益加深，外商直接投资对我国各地区的经济增长产生了显著为正的资本效应和溢出效应。其中，溢出效应又可分解为负的技术溢出效应和正的制度变迁效应。负向技术溢出效应产生于市场分割程度降低所引致的外资技术扩散效应尚不足以抵消掉跨国公司的市场窃取效应，而正的制度变迁效应意味着外资流入降低了市场分割程度，对地区经济增长产生了积极的推动作用。我们还发现，长期内的FDI资本效应和溢出效应都要弱于外资流入初期所产生的相应效果。     

Technology Gap Matters on Spillover

This paper develops an oligopoly model with endogenous technology spillovers through foreign direct investment (FDI). The foreign entrant brings a superior technology and therefore may spend resources to prevent spillovers of its technology to the home firm. The home firm has an incentive to spend resources to gain these spillovers. After firms strategically choose their expenditures to influence technology spillovers, they compete in a Cournot–Nash quantity game. This study provides theoretical insight on the positive and negative empirical spillover results of FDI on productivity of local firms. Up to a critical bound, the larger the initial technology gap between the foreign and home firms, the more the home firm spends to gain spillovers. Past that boundary, the home firm decreases spending. As a result, the home firm's profits from spillovers vary, but larger technology gaps engender greater net profit losses from FDI.     

Wage,foreign-owned firms,and productivity spillovers via labour turnover: a non-linear analysis based on Chinese firm-level data

Using firm-level panel data from Chinese manufacturing firms over the period 2004–2007, this article investigates the impact of the wage gap between local and foreign-owned firms on foreign direct investment (FDI) spillovers in terms of total factor productivity (TFP). We find a non-linear threshold effect that: a low-level wage gap threshold exists, below which FDI spillovers are significantly negative. This is because FDI spillovers via labour turnover are blocked due to the low wages of local firms, which jeopardizes the flow of skilled workers from foreign firms to local firms. In contrast, when the wage gap reaches a high-level threshold, local firms can get benefits from FDI spillovers. The reason is that high wages of local firms attract skilled employees to leave foreign firms, which yields a large magnitude of worker mobility from foreign firms to local firms. Our article provides evidence that labour turnover as the channel of FDI spillovers only works when the wage gap is beyond some threshold. Also, these thresholds vary across regions and firm ownerships.     

技术的公共品或私人品特性与国际技术溢出效应：基于我国的实证分析

本文在假设技术/知识的公共品或私人品特性条件下,研究分析了以进口贸易和FDI为传导机制的国际技术溢出对我国全要素生产率的影响。分析结果表明:通过进口贸易和FDI传导的国际R&D资本、国内R&D资本与我国全要素生产率之间存在稳定的长期均衡关系;技术的公共品或私人品特性不同,技术溢出对我国技术进步产生的影响也存在显著差异。     

Product sophistication and spillovers from foreign direct investment

Foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing countries is often associated with higher economic growth due to knowledge and technology spillovers to local firms. One way that FDI speeds up growth is by facilitating the manufacturing of more sophisticated products by local firms. So far, there is a lack of firm‐level evidence how the presence of multinational firms affects the product sophistication of firms in a developing country. The aim of this paper is to fill this gap. We compile an extensive firm–product‐level data set of Indian manufacturing firms, which we complement with information on product sophistication and spillovers from FDI. We then explore different channels through which spillovers from multinationals to local Indian firms foster the manufacturing of sophisticated products. We find evidence that spillovers through supplier linkages strongly increase the manufacturing of sophisticated products in India.     

Foreign direct investment and productivity spillovers: a quantile analysis

This paper estimates the within-plant and spillover productivity effects of foreigninvestment in Mexican manufacturing plants. It contributes to the existing literature by analyzing whether FDI of North American origin differs from FDI from the rest of the world. I also use quantile regression analysis to determine whether spillovers are equal for plants of different productivity levels. The results indicate positive and significant spillovers from the presence of foreign firms. However, these spillovers accrue only to plants at the upper end of the productivity distribution. Furthermore, North American based FDI appears to yield slightly larger spillovers relative to FDI from the rest of the world; however the difference is not statistically significant. A deeper look at this issue reveals that Canadian FDI yields large productivity spillovers relative to both US and rest of the world FDI. These differences are highly statistically significant.     

FDI与技术垂直溢出：基于动态面板数据模型的检验

本文选取2003～2007年的行业面板数据,采用基于GMM估计的动态面板数据模型方法,对FDI与我国15个工业部门生产技术水平间的溢出效应进行了实证检验,结果表明技术溢出带来的技术效率的提高与我国工业部门自身前期技术水平积累具有密切相关性,FDI的行业内溢出效应不太明显,而行业间垂直溢出效应显著,是重要的技术溢出途径。为此,应该鼓励本地企业融入外资产业链,以提升技术水平。     

Is it the wage premium that targets worker turnovers?

The literature on FDI shows that there exists a wage premium that multinational enterprises (MNEs) pay to local workers and link this to a technology spillover argument. The MNEs pay higher wages to prevent worker turnovers and technology leakages. Literature relates the wage premium aspect of FDI using worker mobility data and uses worker turnovers and the technology spillover argument. We relate stock options in the FDI context of worker mobility and find in a simplified framework that the turnover of workers would depend on the relative payments of stock options.     

Foreign direct investment and technology spillovers: Evidence from panel data analysis of manufacturing firms in Zambia

The most pronounced reason for providing fiscal incentives to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) is that FDI is an effective conduit for technology transfer through technology spillovers to domestically owned firms in the host country. This study analyzes the nature and significance of productivity externalities of FDI to local firms, both in terms of intra-industry and inter-industry spillovers, using firm-level data from Zambia. The results show little evidence in support of intra-industry productivity spillovers from FDI on one hand, and significant inter-industry knowledge spillovers occurring through linkages. The net impact of FDI depends on the interaction between intra-industry and inter-industry productivity effects.     

外商直接投资的知识溢出与中国区域经济增长

本文构建了包括国内知识资本、外商在华直接投资的知识溢出和地区技术进步的分析框架,通过中国29个省(直辖市、自治区)1992—2006年的面板数据检验了中国区域R&D投入、外商在华直接投资的知识溢出对地区技术进步的影响。研究表明:地区自身科技投入是推动地区技术进步的最主要因素;受中国目前引资结构和质量的影响,外商在华直接投资的知识溢出效应特别是通过FDI企业在当地从事生产活动带来的知识溢出效应并不明显;FDI渠道传递的外国R&D资本对技术进步的促进作用与当地的经济、科技发展水平有着密切关系。在上述结论的基础上,论文对中国FDI引资战略和区域经济发展提出了相应的政策建议。     

FDI spillovers in new EU member states

Using an unbalanced panel of firm‐level data in Bulgaria, Poland and Romania, we examine the impact of foreign firms on domestic firms’ productivity. In particular, we try to answer the following research questions: (1) Are there any spillover effects of foreign direct investments (FDI), and if so, are they positive or negative? (2) Are spillover effects more likely to occur within or across sectors? (3) Are the existence, the direction and the magnitude of spillovers conditioned by sector and firm‐specific characteristics? Our findings show that FDI spillovers exist both within and across sectors. The former arise when foreign firms operate in labour‐intensive sectors, while the latter occur when foreign firms operate in high‐tech sectors. Moreover, we find that domestic firm size conditions the exploitation of FDI spillovers even after controlling for absorptive capacity. We also detect a great deal of heterogeneity across countries consistent with the technology gap hypothesis.