System analysis and path choice for modem agricultural development： a case study of Suzhou

From the view of system theory, modern agriculture in a region embodies elements conformity, structure optimization, multi-functionality and sustainable development. This paper first expounds on the relationship among agricultural elements, structure, function and development theoretically, compartmentalizes agriculture types based on human-land elements matching, and depicts the development path of agricultural multi-functionality. it shows that the matching of human-land elements is a key to agricultural types, and the multi-functionality is an indication of agricultural development stages. At last, as a case study of Suzhou in eastern coastal area, the paper analyzes the evolvement situation and developing mechanism and some typical models of modern agriculture which suit to agriculture system evolvement. The results .show that in Suzhou the agriculture productivity, has improved greatly; And along with the agriculture structure optimizing, agriculture function has translated from ＂production ＂ to ＂non- production and production ＂. With simulation of agricultural trend in Suzhou, it is .found that Suzhou has a LP- dependence （labor productivity） on agricultural element, so Suzhou will has much more potential in land productivity. Based on the above analysis on agricultural system, some typical patterns on modern agriculture in Suzhou are brought up, such as export-oriented agriculture, enterprises-leading agriculture, science and technology, parks agriculture, stereoseopic agriculture, and tourism and sightseeing agriculture.     

Research on industrialization of eco-agriculture：theoretical framework and the case of Yunnan,Chinav

The industrialization of eco-agriculture has applied modern science technology in accordance with ecological principles and has promoted agricultural production.As a subsystem of agricultural industrial clusters,the industrialization of eco-agriculture is the specific applications of cluster concept in the industrialization of eco-agriculture development.Industrialization of eco-agriculture cluster will achieve eco-agriculture and interact with industrial cluster which forms eco-agriculture integration and composite industry and ultimately realize the new benign circulation eco-agriculture model.According to the ecological engineering basic principles of recycling of the overall coordination,industrialization of eco-agriculture is focusing on the main systems operating coordination between the various subsystems and its various factors,and will maintain a reasonable ecological and economic structure to ensure the recycling of natural resources.Industrialization of eco-agriculture in Yunnan has adjusted the agricultural production structure to keep the stability of the gross grain production and economic development and has taken effective measures to vigorously improve land use and land productivity.Various ways of improving soil fertility has vigorously promoted other water-saving agricultural technologies.Ecological protection of rice no-tillage,cultivation of crop cultivation of the integrated control crop disease pests grass and agricultural production have taken the sustainable development.     

The difficulties of ＂polluter pays＂ policy in agricultural pollution in UK and methods to improve it

Agricultural wastes poll,tion became serious after great improvement in technology and the encouragement of production for the government since the end of the World Wai Ⅱ. Economists and environmental scholars suggested that ＂polluter pays＂ policy be employed in agricultural pollution control. However, it was hard to implement ＂polluter pays ＂ policy alone in agricultural wastes pollution.In practice, there were two social faCtors which contrih,ted to the improvement of water quality in the southwest of United Kingdom. One method is to communicate with farmers and then give farmers some advice or exhortation on facilities and management. The other method is to set up a telephone hotline for public to report water quality and probable pollution. Therefore, the consideration and combination of social factors in the control of agricultural wastes pollution are necessary, and important. Edueation of basic natural sciences relevant to agricultural pollution, system management of agricultural pollutants and laws relevant to agricultural pollution is suggested to be the third .social factor that British government can consider.     

County financial ecology and the development of new socialist countryside in China

The new rural construction will involve many fields, such as the upgrade of the industrial structure of agriculture, the impravement of the efficiency in the use of agricultural resources, the increase of farmers＇ income, maintaining sustainable agricultural development, and strengthening the construction of agricultural service system and circulation system.Finance, as the core of modem economy, should serve the new rural construction. However, there are many problems about the financial system in the rural area for a long time. So it is vital to build a good county financial eco-environment to promote the development of county financial systems and give full scope to the supporting function of finance. Only when we solve the problems in rural financial ecology and make clear the government ＇s fanction and activities, the county financial environment can function and be improved. Based on the reality of county economic development and starting from the connotation of county financial ecology, this paper analyzes the status quo of county financial eco-environment, especially the significance of optimizing the county financial eco-environment under the macroscopic background that the country proposed the socialist new rural reconstruction, and proposes the opinions and suggestions to construct and the maintain county financial eco-environment.     

A study of environmental impact on manufacturing products trade in Shandong,China

Based on the situation that the trade of manufactured goods takes the main position in Shandong Province,this paper identifies Shandong industrial pollutant discharge by three indices,which are industrial effluent discharge,industrial SO2 emission,and solid waste disposal.Furthermore,it conducts an empirical analysis of the trade terms of pollution content transfer on nine identified industrial sectors.The conclusion is that the increase in industrial effluent discharge,industrial SO2 emission,and solid waste disposal has paralleled the growth of the GDP in Shandong.The rapid economic growth brings obvious negative impact on the environment.Compared with that in 1998,the increase in the pollution content of exports in 2007 indicated that more environmental costs were generated with the economic development in Shandong.There is a need for optimization of foreign trade structure in Shandong,especially the need for increasing import of the pollution intensive products and decreasing the export of the pollution intensive products.The research on the relationship between manufactured goods trade and the environmental impact will make a contribution to the adjustment of foreign trade and environmental policies.     

Classification of regional agricultural structure: method and its application to China

Regional agriculture is the basis of regional sustainable development, so sustainable regional agricultural development is essential to the sustainable development of the whole society and becomes the focus of global research. The classification of regional agricultural structure is the basic work of regional agriculture study. This paper constructs index system （27 indices） of regional agricultural structure types with the three big indices： natural resources, developmental level of the agro-economy, and agro-ecological conditions. This paper also endows weight to every sub-classification index by means of AHP and obtains the comprehensive evaluation value of the three types of indices with arithmetic average weight approach. The regional agricultural structure can be classified into eight types in accordance with this evaluation results. The empirical study of China shows that the 31 provinces （municipalities and autonomous regions） are of different agriculture structural types. Finally, countermeasures of sustainsable agricultural development are put forward for the different agriculture structure features.     

Research on the Development Model of Ecological Agriculture in Loess Hilly-Gully Region of Northern Shannxi, China

On the Loess Plateau of China, facing the vulnerable environment, local people have to try their best to guarantee the security of food, and at the same time, to control the most serious soil erosion in the world. The paper introduces two typical models of ecological agriculture: ecological agriculture with commodity and agriculture with soil and water conservation. According to the local natural condition, the model of eco-agriculture with commodity could be characterized by the structure of “agriculture-byproduct”, “agriculture-fruit” or “agriculture-forestry-husbandry”. The development of agriculture with soil and water conservation has decreased the soil erosion rate from 12, 184 ton/kin^2 in 1980 to 458.4 ton/kin^2 in 1999, while the farmers‘ income has increasingly risen. Analyses on the two models‘ benefits both in terms of ecological and agricultural economy show that there is a great possibility to construct or restore good eco-environment with comprehensive control in the hilly-gully area of north Shannxi. Further more, the paper points out the potential problems of foodstuff production and stockbreeding development in forming ecological agriculture and eco-environmental restoration.     

Comprehensive evaluation of regional ecological security for land use: a case study of Yanchi County, Ningxia Province

As an abstract study conception, most researches of ecological security generally are macro-scale theoretical study with a regional, national or global perspective. Micro-scale research mainly concentrates on ecological risk, ecosystem health and ecosystem safety. In order to assess regional ecological security and to accomplish the transition from micro-scale to macro-scale research, a Driving-Function-State-Output-Respond model framework （DFSOR model） is put forward in this paper according to the analyses on regional population, society, economy resources, environment and ecological risks＇. In empirical research an index system is set out to evaluate ecological security of land use. The DFSOR model comprises five group of indicators： （1） driving indicators, which include social population pressure and economic pressure; （2）function indicators, which include human function, hydrodynamic function, wind function and gravity.function; （3） state indicators, which include soil resources, water resources and land use/land cover; （4） output indicators, which include production output and ecological risk output; （5） response indicators, which are composed of all sorts of policies and measures for improving production of ecosystem. The method and procedure for ecological security evaluation is put forward based on DFSOR model as well. In the case study, Yanchi, the ecotone between agriculture and animal husbandry, is chosen for the study. An index system is built to evaluate ecological security based on the evaluation of regional ecological risks which including sandification, water erosion, soil salinization, soil pollution and shortage of water. The comprehensive evaluation result shows the regional ecological security index of land use in the research area increase obviously. But it is still in the state of low-graded danger.     

Present situation and countermeasure research of economic structure of Shaanxi Province

Economic structure is a significant factor impacting economic growth and economic growth quality. In this paper, the present status of economic structure of Shaanxi Province is analyzed, and available primal problem is indicated. There have been a lot of problems in economic structure of Shaanxi Province, mainly including slow tertiary industry development, comparatively grave unbalance of light and heavy industries proportion, lagged development in high and new technology industries, high industry convergence degree, low scale effect, slow agriculture expanding and so on. Meanwhile, homologous countermeasure is given in this text： we should develop tertiary industry with tourism as the leading role energetically to promote industrial hierarchy, impulse structural rationalization of foreign trade through international cooperation and competition, accelerate the industrialization, promote industrial structure upgrade, develop the high and new technology industries quickly, accelerate the promotion of industry scale effect and expedite expansion of industry colony. We should also develop superior industry, reduce industry convergence degree, and develop the agriculture energetically to promote the industrialization and modernization of agriculture. These points are given in the interest of supplying gist and reference to government in industrial structure adjusting and policy making.     

Assessment of the agricultural sustainability of Shaanxi Province,China

It is significant for the study on the sustainable development of regional agriculture to monitor and measurethe trend of agricultural development with an effective method. The sustainable development of regional agricultureshould accord with regional population, rural economic development, social progress, resource and environmentalsupport. This paper establishes the evaluating indicators system of sustainable development of regional agriculture,evaluates the agricultural sustainable development in Shaanxi Province with a comprehensive multi-indicator method,analyzes the support of resource and environment for regional agriculture by the resource-development index and theenvironment-development index, and gets the conclusion that the indicators, such as education level, the income gapbetween urban and rural residents, the per capita area under cultivation and the consumption of pesticides and chemicalfertilizers per hectare, are the main factors to restrict agricultural sustainability, and that the pressure of the developmentof subsystems of population, economy and society on the subsystems of resource and environment turns out to bestronger and stronger. Agricultural environment gets better, but resource becomes one of the important factors to restrictthe development of regional agriculture. In a word, this paper highlights the potentials and limitations of sustainableagriculture of Shaanxi and helps identify the development direction in the future.     

关于农区工业化、城镇化与农业现代化互动发展的思考

工业化、城镇化与农业现代化互动发展,是农区全面建设小康社会的基本途径。发展畜牧业及其相关产业则是实现上述"三化"的重要选择。农区要用工业理念发展畜牧业,以食品工业为龙头,调整农村产业经济结构,加大对畜牧业的投引资力度,积极鼓励民营企业发展,加强农村人力资源能力建设。     

安徽省畜牧业可持续发展循环经济模式研究

安徽是农业大省,畜牧业作为农业的一个重要组成部分,其发展水平的高低直接影响安徽现代农业的发展,也影响安徽实现经济崛起的步伐。文章通过对安徽畜牧业发展相关数据的初步分析,发现安徽畜牧业发展不仅面临稳定增长的问题,同时还面临发展的可持续性问题。因此,作者根据畜牧业发达地区在生产实践中探索形成的循环经济模式,结合安徽省畜牧业发展已形成的五个产业带以及每个产业带的区位优势,提出了安徽省畜牧业可持续发展可供借鉴的循环经济模式以及在应用这些模式时需要特别关注的问题。     

再论在加强农业发展基础上稳步增加农民收入

增加农民收入的根本还在于农业发展自身 ,特别是农业产业化发展。在当前 ,推进农业产业化发展 ,应着眼于促使农业产业结构高度化、化解农业经济风险、扩大农业产业化发展对农业剩余劳动力的吸纳度 ,增加农业人力资源及其利用率 ,提高农业比较利益和调动社会对农业投资的积极性诸方面 ,切切实实地增加农民收入。同时 ,应进一步加强国家对农业经济发展的宏观调控 ,从发展方向、发展政策、发展制度、发展组织措施上引导农业产业化进程 ,以求高效发展农业经济 ,稳步增加农民收入     

种草养畜——农区畜牧业持续稳定发展的必然趋势

我国广大农区只有将牧草纳入农田耕作制，走以草养畜、以草或畜禽粪便养地、用养结合的农牧业共同发展的生态农业道路，才能使畜牧业突破传统种植业生产的饲料数量有限、蛋白质含量低的双重约束，为人们提供满足营养需要的畜产品。     

现代科技革命与循环农业发展

我国部分农村和农产品已受到严重污染,需要引起高度重视。我们可以采取目前世界上较为流行的发展模式——循环农业发展模式,以确保农业的发展不造成或少造成对农产品和环境的污染。2007年中央一号文件对此提出要加强农村环境保护,减少农业面源污染,并确定要鼓励发展循环农业、生态农业,有条件的地方可加快发展有机农业。     

古巴的有机农业运动

在历史大背景和古巴政府发起的现代改革的前提下,古巴意识到替代传统农业模式的必要。20世纪90年代,古巴有机农业协会的形成小组（ACAO）在推动古巴有机农业方面发挥了巨大作用,众多研究中心多年的研究成果与农民积累的大量经验也为有机农业的发展奠定基础。古巴在有机肥料、土壤保持、作物与畜禽管理等方面均取得重要成果,它推行的全国都市农业计划、小型水稻生产普及等成功经验,使古巴的有机农业转变堪称典范。如今的古巴已完成替代依赖于投入的农业模式的目标,在未来要面临的挑战是要建立更加复杂的生态农业体系。     

内蒙古产业结构优化升级的路径研究

本文基于产业结构相关理论,从内蒙古的实际情况出发,分析研究内蒙古产业结构现状及其存在的主要问题,并对如何进一步调整优化内蒙古的产业结构提出一些初步建议：通过加快农产品流通、发展农区畜牧业等措施调整第一产业内部结构;大力发展高新技术产业、改造传统产业、实施工业化与信息化两步并作一步走战略,形成工业化促进和谐社会建设的新格局;通过保持第三产业合理的投资增长、加快新兴服务业的发展等措施,实现第三产业内部结构的调整。     

农业转型升级：产业链整合与延伸--基于台湾美浓镇的实地调研与启示

选取台湾美浓镇为研究对象，通过实地调研和访谈，深入研究该地区通过农业产业链整合与延伸实现转型升级的实践与效果。调研发现，美浓镇从种子、农药等生产准备，到种植过程，再到物流、营销等环节进行农业产业化运作，整合农业产业链。另一方面，美浓镇通过引入认股模式、推广农事体验服务和使用包括“脸书营销”等多种创新手段，大力发展休闲农业，延伸农业产业链。美浓镇传统农业的转型升级大幅度提升了农产品附加值和农民收入，营造了良好的社会环境和创业发展氛围。在农业产业链整合与延伸，推动农业转型升级过程中，当地农会发挥了重要的中介组织作用。最后是借鉴台湾美浓镇整合、延伸农业产业链，发展特色农业的经验阐发其对大陆农业转型升级的启示。     

我国公共农业R&D投资变化及其国际比较研究

研究了我国公共农业RD投资现状及其变化趋势,并从全球各地区、金砖国家及新兴国家层面进行了国际比较。结果表明,我国公共农业RD投资增长迅猛,投资总额位居金砖国家及新兴国家之首,但投资稳定性不容乐观且投资强度明显不足;公共农业RD投资以政府部门为主,重点扶持农业和农、林、牧、渔服务业。政府应提高公共农业RD投资强度,确保投资稳定性,使资金适量向林业、畜牧业及渔业倾斜,同时鼓励私人部门对公共农业RD进行投资。     

特色农业产业化金融支持问题研究——以河北省赞皇大枣产业为例

特色农业产业化可以促进农村经济的发展,而农村经济的发展又离不开金融支持,金融支持对特色农业产业化起着重要的推动作用。一个完善的特色农业产业链金融支持体系不仅需要为特色农业产业链中各资金需求者提供充足的信贷资金,还需要与特色农业产业链中各参与者之间在信息、技术、保险等各方面进行有效沟通和联系。