新汇改后人民币实际有效汇率对出口的影响:2005Q3—2013Q3

出口对于我国经济发展有着重要影响。2005年7月人民币新汇改后,人民币汇率持续升值,灵活性进一步提高。本文采用前沿的ARDL边限检验法和误差修正模型,实证研究汇改后人民币实际有效汇率(REER)水平及波动对我国出口的长短期影响机制。实证结果表明:2005年3季度至2013年3季度期间,出口与人民币REER水平、国外总收入、国内总收入之间存在协整关系;REER水平显著地负向影响出口,而REER波动并不显著影响出口。论文提出若干有针对性的启示和政策建议。     

人民币均衡汇率:一般均衡下单方程协整模型实证研究

基于国内外关于人民币均衡汇率的相关研究,本文建立了一般均衡下单方程协整模型,并利用单位根检验、协整分析、误差修正模型对人民币均衡汇率进行实证研究后认为:20世纪80年代以来,人民币实际有效汇率始终围绕均衡汇率波动,并经历了不同程度的高估和低估;贸易条件、开放度等基本经济因素对人民币实际有效汇率影响显著,而财政政策、货币政策、外汇储备规模对人民币实际有效汇率的影响不显著;人民币汇率错位自我修正能力较强,参考一篮子货币能较好地反映人民币实际有效汇率的波动。     

人民币实际汇率波动对我国进出口的影响:1994—2003

Marshall Lerner(ML)条件成立与否,是一国制定汇率政策的重要依据。在人民币面临巨大升值压力时,重新对ML条件进行检验对于我国货币当局制定汇率政策有重要的指导意义。本文运用协整向量自回归(cointegratingVAR)的分析方法,对1 994—2 0 0 3年人民币对世界主要货币的加权实际汇率波动与我国进出口之间的长期关系进行了实证检验。结果表明,人民币实际汇率波动对我国进出口存在着显著的影响,ML条件成立;人民币实际汇率波动对进出口的影响存在J曲线效应。     

现行人民币汇率有利于引进外商直接投资

本根据已有的研究构造了一个汇率波动对外商直接投贵的影响模型，并利GARCH模型对汇率的波动剧烈度进行了估计。并运用协整检验方法和误差纠正模型分析了人民币汇率波动对我国外商直接投资的长期和短期影响效应。结果显示：人民币汇率波动与外育直接投资存在长期协整关系，但从短期来看两之间缺乏显的关联度。     

人民币货币篮子的构成及协整分析

将贸易额标准、外商投资标准、贸易结构相似性标准以及汇率波动率标准作为一套指标体系用于综合判断如何确定篮子中的币种,并根据这一指标体系确定人民币所参考的货币篮子中应放入日元、美元、欧元、韩元、新台币、新加坡元、英镑、卢布、澳元、泰铢、加元,共计11种货币.为检验这11种货币组成货币篮子的合理性,建立VAR模型对人民币与上述11种货币的汇率进行协整检验,结果证实了上述货币之间具有协整关系(即长期均衡关系),适合于组成货币篮子.     

中国货币替代现象的VEC模型:1994-2005

随着人民币汇率制度改革的进行和资本账户开放进程的加快,中国的货币替代现象理当引起我们更大的关注.本文通过建立货币替代的VEC模型对中国的货币替代程度及其影响因素之间的关系作了动态分析,最后得出人民币名义有效汇率在长期和短期内都是影响中国货币替代的主要因素,名义有效汇率的频繁波动会造成货币替代乃至货币需求的不稳定.因此加快人民币汇率制度改革、降低美元在人民币汇率盯住篮子中的比重就显得尤为重要了.     

汇率波动、货币供给与通货膨胀——基于状态空间模型的实证研究

本文采用2001年1月到2012年9月跨度达141个月的月度数据,结合近年来经济波动和物价走势,进行了协整分析并进而构建状态空间模型,考察2001年以来汇率和货币供给变动对于我国通货膨胀水平的影响,并进行了动态测算.本文发现汇率波动和货币供给与我国通货膨胀之间存在长期协整关系,实际有效汇率和货币供给对通货膨胀呈现正向影响,且汇率传导效应显著,货币政策效应并不明显.     

资本管制、避险情绪与货币替代

随着全球金融一体化的推进,封闭经济条件下的货币政策面临诸多挑战。特别地,本外币替代性的增强可能会使以数量型手段作为主要调控方式的货币政策框架受到影响。文章结合当前全球金融一体化的背景与我国的现实国情,通过加入资本管制和投资者避险情绪变量,并利用"从一般到特殊"的建模方法,构建了更为理想的货币替代模型,对开放经济条件下影响货币政策数量目标的因素做了更加细致的理论与计量分析。检验结果表明,资本管制程度、投资者避险情绪波动以及人民币汇率预期等因素均对我国现阶段货币替代率具有显著影响。对此,文章提出了相关政策建议,以应对新形势下货币替代所引致的现实挑战。     

人民币升值预期与我国股票市场的动态关系

在考察国际资本对股市的影响、汇率的动态变化、国际贸易形势及当前我国资本市场状况的基础上,应用协整检验、vAR模型对人民币汇率形成机制改革之后人民币NDF汇率影响我国股市的情况进行了经验研究.结果发现:人民币兑美元NDF一年期汇率与上证综合指数间存在协整关系,人民币NDF汇率的变化是促进我国上证综合指数和恒生指数波动的一大因素;同时,从相互影响程度来看,上证综合指数对人民币NDF汇率的冲击短期内要小于恒生指数,但是长期来说,A股的影响更为显著.这说明国际热钱的最终目的地还是大陆市场,也从一定程度上验证了国际游资预期人民币升值的愿望.     

人民币汇率与外商直接投资关系研究——基于上海市的数据

运用Johansen协整检验、Granger因果检验、脉冲响应分析等实证方法研究上海市外商直接投资与人民币实际有效汇率及其波动之间的相关性,研究表明:上海市外商直接投资(FDI)与实际有效汇率(REER)、地区国内生产总值(GDP)和对外依存度(OPEN)显著正相关,与汇率波动(VOL)和平均工资(WAGE)显著负相关;短期内人民币实际有效汇率及其波动对上海市外商直接投资存在影响,且汇率的波动比其实际值的大小更能影响外商直接投资;实际有效汇率及其波动的冲击在零期对外商直接投资均没有影响,响应值在第四期达到最大,实际有效汇率对于外商直接投资的影响主要体现在投资时机的选择上。     

European Nominal and Real Convergence: Joint Process or Rival Dynamics?

Recent empirical studies have revealed that the convergence speeds of nominal and real variables are fairly different. This paper studies the temporal evolution of the mutual influence between the convergences of a nominal and of a real variable. It refers first to σ-convergence analysis. In order to compare nominal and real paths, the evolutions of the cross-sectional variances of the two variables are connected. Then, nominal and real convergence processes are studied, as reciprocally conditioned within the same system. Nominal and real convergence were negatively correlated in the 1980s, while the 1990s have been characterized by a simultaneous convergence movement.     

Modifying Taylor reaction functions in the presence of the zero‐lower‐bound — Evidence for the ECB and the Fed

We propose an alternative way of estimating Taylor reaction functions if the zero‐lower bound on nominal interest rates is binding. This approach relies on tackling the real rather than the nominal interest rate. So if the nominal rate is (close to) zero central banks can influence the inflation expectations via quantitative easing. The unobservable inflation expectations are estimated with a state‐space model that additionally generates a time varying series for the equilibrium real interest rate and the potential output — both needed for estimations of Taylor reaction functions. We test our approach for the ECB and the Fed within the recent crisis. We add other explanatory variables to this modified Taylor reaction function and show that there are substantial differences between the estimated reaction coefficients in the pre‐ and crisis era for both central banks. While the central banks on both sides of the Atlantic act less inertially, put a smaller weight on the inflation gap, money growth and the risk spread, the response to asset price inflation becomes more pronounced during the crisis. However, the central banks diverge in their response to the output gap and credit growth.     

A causal caveat in the Australian money/income relation

The nature of Australian causal relations between money and nominal income and money and real income is examined. Like other recent studies in the area causality is in the sense of Granger (1969). Unlike other studies, causality conclusions are based on both a within-and post-sample analysis. This is motivated by Granger's(1980) recent suggestions regarding causality detection. Monetary growth is found to lead both real and nominal income growth by six months. Surprisingly, the post-sample forecasting analysis suggests real income rather than nominal income as the more relevant causal variable as far as monetary growth is concerned. The identified lag here is fifteen months.     

Central bank inability and Taylor rule in developing countries

This paper seeks to adjust Taylor rule to mimic an environment that has central bank inability (losses). Moreover, the current paper is aiming at investigating the effect of the new features of Taylor rule within a context of a New-Keynesian model on a developing economy. The current paper concludes that we can utilize Taylor rule within a New-Keynesian model to introduce the influence of the central bank inability on the economy. Central bank inability decreases both expected future real interest rate and expected future real output. On the contrary, it increases expected future nominal interest rate and expected future inflation rate. Moreover, we prove that the effect of central bank inability has larger effect on the expected inflation rate more than the influence of targeted inflation rate.     

Cointegration and Causal Relationship between Taxes and Spending for Kenya,Nigeria and South Africa

Causal relationships between taxes and spending are examined for three African countries using the GDP as a control variable, and dummy variables to address structural changes in Nigeria and South Africa. There is one cointegration equation between nominal fiscal variables in all three countries, one cointegration equation for Kenya and two cointegration equations for Nigeria and South Africa for the real fiscal variables and their respective dummy variables. Short-term results of the nominal variables show fiscal independence for all three countries. In real terms, taxes cause spending for Kenya and Nigeria and a weak fiscal synchronization for South Africa. There is long run fiscal synchronization in nominal terms for all three countries, and in real terms for both Nigeria and South Africa, while real taxes cause spending in Kenya. Long-run estimates show a unit increase in nominal (real) taxes translating into a less than proportionate increase in nominal (real) spending for Kenya and South Africa, and a more than proportionate increase in nominal (real) spending for Nigeria. Fiscal imbalance is not a threat in the budgetary process in Kenya and South Africa, but an issue of concern in Nigeria, where oil revenues are a major source of support for budget short falls.     

On the demand for money in the United States

One of the current issues in the literature on the demand for money is whether the adjustment of actual to desired money holdings is in real or nominal terms. This paper tests the real against the nominal adjustment hypothesis using United States data. Comparisons are made among simple sum and Divisia aggregates (of M1, M2, M3, and L) and with Spindt's monetary velocity (MQ) aggregate. The results strongly support the nominal adjustment hypothesis, but they do not reveal a single uniformly best monetary aggregate.     

Real and nominal effective exchange rates for developing countries: 1973:1-1997:3

The International Monetary Fund construct and publish real and nominal effective exchange rate data, mostly for developed countries. In this paper real and nominal effective rate data for developing countries are constructed. Application of the KPSS test to real effective rate data reveals that PPP holds in most countries.     

On the validation of cost push: A comment

A recent article in this journal examined the effects of ‘cost-push’ disturbances in a model in which government expenditure was fixed in nominal rather than real terms. It was suggested that, under certain circumstances, these nominal government expenditure targets could destabilise the model. In this note we show that, on the contrary, this particular model is always stable, whether or not government expenditure is fixed in nominal or real terms.     

Exchange rate volatility and United Kingdom trade: evidence from Canada,Japan and New Zealand

This paper investigates the influence of exchange rate volatility on the real imports of the United Kingdom from Canada, Japan and New Zealand during the period 1980–2003. The Johansen multivariate cointegration method and the constrained error correction (general-to-specific) method are applied to study the relationship between real imports and its determinants (including exchange rate volatility). Conditional variance from the GARCH(1,1) model is applied as exchange rate volatility. Both nominal and real exchange rates are employed in the empirical study. Results indicate a significant effect of the exchange rate volatility on real imports. These exchange rate volatility effects are mostly positive. The author thanks an anonymous referee, the editor and Myles Wallace for several useful comments and suggestions. Any remaining errors and omissions are the author’s responsibility alone.     

Persistence, The Transmission Mechanism And Robust Monetary Policy

In this paper we first explore the impact of nominal and real persistence on the transmission process of various shocks in an estimated DSGE model of the euro area. We then analyse its impact on optimal monetary policy and investigate the performance of various monetary policies when the policy maker is uncertain about the degree of nominal and real persistence.