基于问卷调查的土地资源领域技术竞争力分析

研究目的：基于问卷调查分析土地资源领域技术竞争力和发展趋势,为中国土地资源领域科技管理与技术创新提供参考。研究方法：文献分析法,问卷调查法,统计分析法。研究结果：（1）调查发现土地各方向技术领先国家主要集中在美国、德国等发达国家,并且“基本农田质量提升模式与等级认定技术”受到最大关注;（2）与先进国家相比,中国土地领域科技水平处于总体跟踪、局部领先阶段,专家评分集中在70分左右（百分制）;（3）土地领域前沿技术包括土地整治、调查、规划等技术方向先进的工程装备、方法与理念,未来科技需求以服务于国土空间开发、资源节约利用、生态环境保护等深化土地改革事业的成套技术工艺、流程和标准为主。研究结论：（1）当前中国土地资源领域技术竞争力呈现：“特色鲜明、局部领先、整体跟踪、落后需求”特征;（2）与国际领先水平对比,中国当前土地技术差距指数在55—67之间,落后于领先水平10—15年,导致差距的第一制约因素为政策环境,第二制约因素为科研经费投入。     

Producer Willingness to Pay for Precision Application Technology: Implications for Government and the Technology Industry

This paper focuses on the willingness to pay (WTP) for precision application/site-specific management technologies on the part of agricultural producers. We use a contingent valuation survey to elicit WTP for a package of technologies and examine the impact of government subsidies on potential demand. Results suggest that producer WTP is significantly lower than current technology prices, necessitating a 60% government subsidy to induce adoption, on average. Agronomic factors such as soil characteristic variability and soil quality are important determinants of WTP. In addition, how well the technology integrates into current farming practices and equipment also appears important.     

Market imperfections,access to information and technology adoption in Uganda: challenges of overcoming multiple constraints

Limited empirical evidence exists on how multiple binding constraints influence the adoption of improved technologies by smallholder farmers. This article uses the case of groundnut variety adoption in Uganda to investigate the role of information, seed supply, and credit constraints in conditioning technology uptake. New data from a household survey in seven groundnut growing districts (n = 945) indicate that 8% of farmers lack information on new varieties, while 18% and 6% of farmers, respectively, cannot adopt mainly due to seed supply and capital constraints. A tobit‐type specification that considers all nonadopters as being uninterested in the technology (i.e., corner solutions) would lead to inconsistent parameter estimates and incorrect conclusions in this context. We therefore estimate a modified multi‐hurdle specification of demand for new varieties, taking into account how information, seed supply, and capital constraints jointly determine adoption probability and intensity. The study reveals new empirical insights on why agricultural technology adoption in Africa has lagged behind: slow uptake is not mainly due to a lack of economic incentives, but rather a reflection of information, seed supply, and credit constraints that prevent farmers from translating their desired demand into adoption of modern varieties. Policy implications are discussed.     

Adoption and abandonment of irrigation technologies

Adoption and abandonment processes are analyzed for seven irrigation technologies. A procedure is developed to estimate the technology cycle and applied to data available for citrus groves in several regions of Israel, and Gaza. The technology cycle was used to estimate diffusion-abandonment patterns for several irrigation technologies that have been abandoned. Results suggest that the technology cycle is unique to each technology and similar in length for all regions. Results predict the year of full abandonment of each technology. For modern technologies still in the diffusion phase, a logistic equation was fitted to the aggregated data. Results suggest that diffusion is significantly affected by economic variables such as water price, crop yield price, and subsidy for irrigation equipment. Use of the estimated equations for policy purposes suggest that water price and subsidy for irrigation equipment can be used to control the diffusion process (speed and ceiling) of the irrigation technologies.     

Measuring Farm and Market Level Economic Impacts of Improved Maize Production Technologies in Ethiopia: Evidence from Panel Data

While it is often recognised that agricultural technology adoption decisions are intertwined and best characterised by multivariate models, typical approaches to examining adoption and impacts of agricultural technology have focused on single technology adoption choice and ignored interdependence among technologies. We examine farm‐ and market‐level impacts of multiple technology adoption choices using comprehensive household survey data collected in 2010/11 and 2012/13 in Ethiopia. Economic surplus analysis combined with panel data switching endogenous regression models are used to compute the supply shift parameter (K‐shift parameter), while at the same time controlling for the endogeneity inherent in agricultural technology adoption among farmers. We find that our improved technology set choices have significant impacts on farm‐level maize yield and maize production costs, where the greatest effect appears to be generated when various technologies are combined. The change in maize yield and production costs results in an average 26.4% cost reduction per kilogram of maize output (the K‐shift parameter). This increases the producer and consumer surpluses by US$ 140 and US$ 105 million per annum, respectively. These changes in economic surplus help to reduce the number of poor people by an estimated 788 thousand per year. We conclude that deliberate extension efforts and other policies that encourage integration of technologies are important for maize technologies to yield their full potential at both farm and market levels.     

The Performance of Low External Input Technology in Agricultural Development: A Summary of Three Case Studies

This paper summarises the findings of a study that examined the performance of low external input technology (LEIT) in three major projects. The projects promoted soil restoration (Honduras), soil and water conservation (Kenya) and IPM (Sri Lanka). The focus projects were large and well-managed and the study examined outcomes five or more years after project completion. An assessment of the utilisation, adaptation and abandonment of the technologies, found fairly consistent experiences that allow several general conclusions. In many instances LEIT makes important contributions to farm productivity. LEIT is not usefully categorised as labour-intensive, and the growing importance of hired labour makes it difficult to see LEITas a separate class of technology. Its uptake patterns are similar to those of conventional technology (with commercial incentives particularly important) and spontaneous diffusion of the technology is often less than expected. LEIT, on its own, makes only modest contributions to strengthening human and social capital. Implications for the promotion of LEIT and the development of farmer organisations are discussed.     

Integrating Technology Traits and Producer Heterogeneity: A Mixed-Multinomial Model of Genetically Modified Corn Adoption

This article proposes a model of technology adoption that integrates demand for individual traits of new technologies with the potential for heterogeneity based on farm and farmer characteristics. The model is applied to recent genetically modified corn adoption data from Minnesota and Wisconsin farmers, using a mixed-multinomial logit (MMNL) model to estimate the effects of traits and farm and farmer characteristics on adoption outcomes. This approach allows explicit recovery of estimates of farmers' shadow prices for individual technology traits. Results show the importance of producer and regional heterogeneity in preferences for seed traits.     

Technology Adoption and Pest Control Strategies Among UK Cereal Farmers: Evidence from Parametric and Nonparametric Count Data Models

This paper examines the intensity of technology adoption and integrated pest management strategies employed by UK farmers, using both parametric and nonparametric methods. We employ a unique survey dataset collected from UK cereal farmers to assess the determinants of technology adoption in relation to pest management. Our preferred model specification is nonparametric, with models estimated yielding broadly similar results, with some important qualitative differences. All models indicate that total area farmed is positively related to the number of technologies adopted, whereas the number of years of experience of the farmer is negatively related. We also find evidence with our nonparametric specification of significant statistical differences for number of adoptions by region across the UK.     

现代技术下的土地利用总体规划

土地利用总体规划是一项复杂的系统工程，现代技术的发展为土地利用总体规划的实施和管理提供了强有力的技术支撑和手段，本文在阐述遥感技术、全球定位系统、地理信息系统技术，计算机技术、网络技术等现代技术特点的基础上，详细分析了现代技术条件下土地利用规划的特点，指出现代技术是提升土地利用规划对社会经济发展指导作用的重要手段。     

Innovation in Agro-Foods: A Comparative Analysis of Value Chains

ABSTRACT

The innovative activity of firms has been linked to the introduction of a new product or process associated with the development or application of new technological knowledge. New products generally contain innovative techniques that increase the quality of goods. New processes are based on the use of new technologies to increase the efficiency of production. However, the exclusive link between technology and innovation has been criticized for various reasons. It provides a restrictive vision considering innovation as part of the manufacturing and services sectors. Innovation in firms affects not only the development and application of new technologies but also the adoption and the reorganization of business processes, internal organization, external relations, and marketing. The literature in the field of management emphasizes the importance of integrating product, process, and organization to translate new ideas into market success. Thus, to obtain a complete picture of the innovative efforts of firms in the agro-food industry, the concept of innovation has been extended to both technological and nontechnological innovations. This analysis provided evidence of innovations used by agro-food firms. It also identified latent demand for future innovation.     

Welfare effects of maize technologies in marginal and high potential regions of Kenya

This paper describes the findings of a study that used a multi‐market model to assess the potential impact of improved maize technologies on the welfare of various types of rural and urban households in Kenya. The modelling results indicate that technologies developed for high potential regions are likely to have more profound aggregate impacts on maize production and lead to greater reductions in import demand (if prices are controlled) or maize prices (if maize prices are flexible). Technology adoption in high potential regions is likely to have substantially greater positive impacts on aggregate real incomes, but inferior income distributional outcomes compared to technology adoption in marginal regions.     

人格特质对茶农有机茶技术采纳的影响

根据福建省安溪县656份的问卷调查数据,基于大五人格特质理论,运用结构方程模型分析人格特质对茶农的有机茶技术采纳行为的影响。结果表明:安溪县茶农的经营特征与其所处的技术环境对有机茶技术采纳行为不存在显著直接效应,但都通过技术采纳态度对技术采纳的行为产生正向影响作用,其中有机茶技术采纳态度起完全中介作用;人格特质对有机茶技术采纳行为既存在直接正向预测作用,又通过有机茶技术采纳态度对技术采纳行为产生间接正向预测作用,并且间接效应大于直接效应,起中介变量的作用。因此,运用人格测评工具来发挥技术采纳者的性格优势在技术采纳过程中的作用,释放有机茶技术的生态溢出效应,将为有机茶技术推广研究提供新思路。     

技术认知、获得程度与农户耕地质量保护提升行为

目的 研究农户技术认知与获得程度对推动耕地质量保护提升工作开展有重要意义。方法 文章以新疆为例,基于农户调查数据,利用二元Logistic模型分析技术认知、获得程度与农户耕地质量保护提升行为关系。结果 （1）影响农户采用行为的关键因素主要来自农户对耕地质量保护提升补贴额的满意程度、现行技术满足程度、重要性认知水平、效果感受评价情况方面。（2）耕地质量保护提升的补贴形式对农户采用相关技术的行为有不同程度的影响,但结果的显著性不明显。（3）异质性结果表明：耕地质量保护提升补贴额的满意程度对南疆、东疆农户采用农膜残留回收技术、无害施肥施药技术和盐渍化治理技术的行为影响较大;耕地质量保护提升的重要性认知对北疆农户采用测土配方施肥技术、无害施肥施药技术和高效节水滴灌技术的行为影响较强;耕地质量保护提升的效果评价对南疆、东疆农户采用盐渍化治理技术的行为影响很强。结论 当前新疆农户有强烈的耕地质量保护提升技术需求和采用愿望,要加强政策宣传与普及力度,引导农户积极开展技术交流,提高耕地质量保护提升技术采用水平。     

Fiddling while carbon burns: why climate policy needs pervasive emission pricing as well as technology promotion*

Effective climate policy requires global emissions of greenhouse gases to be cut substantially, which can be achieved by energy supply technologies with lower emissions, greater energy use efficiency and substitution in demand. For policy to be efficient requires at least fairly uniform, fairly pervasive emission pricing from taxes, permit trading or combinations of the two; and significant government support for low‐emission technologies. We compare the technology‐focused climate policies adopted by Australia and the ‘Asia–Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate’ (AP6), against this policy yardstick. We find that such policies omit the need for emission pricing to achieve abatement effectively and efficiently; they over‐prescribe which abatement actions should be used most; they make unrealistic assumptions about how much progress can be achieved by voluntarism and cooperation, in the absence of either adequate funding or mandatory policies; and they unjustifiably contrast technology‐focused policy and the Kyoto Protocol approach as the only two policies worth considering, and thus ignore important policy combinations.     

林农对林业科技服务需求的影响因素分析——基于江西10县500农户的调查

基于江西省10县500农户对林业科技服务需求的调查,运用二元Logistic选择模型对林农林业科技服务需求进行实证研究。研究发现,户主受教育程度、林业支出占家庭支出的比重、有无林地生产道路等因素对林农林业科技服务的需求有显著正影响;而户主年龄、家庭劳动力数量、林地块数等因素对林农林业科技服务的需求没有显著影响。因此,建议创新林业科技服务推广体系,提高供给水平和效率;开展教育和培训,提高农民科技文化素质和生产经营能力;加强林地基础设施建设特别是林地道路建设,解决林农生产经营难题。     

异质性农技培训主体对农户绿色农业技术采纳行为的影响研究

[目的]推广绿色农业技术是缓解生态环境恶化、保障农业高质量发展的重要途径。[方法]文章利用河北省436户设施蔬菜种植户的调研数据,选择5项绿色农业技术（抗病虫抗逆性强的新品种、生物防治、生物菌肥、生物农药和水肥一体化技术）,基于培训主体异质性视角,运用有序Probit模型实证分析公益性和市场性两种不同性质农技培训主体对农户绿色农业技术采纳强度的影响。进一步,基于技术异质性视角,运用二元Probit模型分析两种不同性质主体对农户不同类型绿色农业技术采纳的影响。[结果]（1）农技培训能够显著促进绿色农业技术采纳,其中公益性主体开展的技术培训对农户绿色技术采纳的促进效果更加显著。（2）针对不同绿色农业技术,不同性质主体开展的培训对技术采纳的促进效果存在差异,对商业化程度较高、有用性、易用性、适用性较高的技术（生物防治、生物菌肥和生物农药）,市场性主体的培训对技术采纳的促进作用更强。（3）对于有用性、易用性和适用性不高的技术（抗病虫抗逆性强的新品种和水肥一体化）,公益性主体的培训对技术采纳的促进作用更强。[结论]应加大农业绿色技术培训的普及力度,构建以公益性农技推广机构为主导,其他市场主体为补...     

Estimations of Consumer Demand for Local Beef

In this article, we explore the role of local production as an attribute in consumer preferences for beef and attempt to quantify consumers’ purchasing behavior with respect to changes in price. We develop and employ a survey instrument using a randomly selected sample of consumers in Eastern Washington and Northern Idaho. Using data from the survey, we use conjoint analysis to estimate own-price elasticities of demand for beef produced using different production technologies and at different distances from purchase site to place of origin. Results show that consumer demand for beef and beef products is highly elastic, and the implications of this for producers and marketers are explored.     

Will digital technologies transform agriculture in developing countries?

Mobile phones and the internet have significantly affected practically all sectors of the economy and agriculture is no exception. Building on a recent World Bank flagship report, this article introduces a concise framework for describing the main benefits from new information and communication technologies. They promote greater inclusion in the broader economy, raise efficiency by complementing other production factors, and foster innovation by dramatically reducing transaction costs. The article reviews the recent literature on corresponding technology impacts in the rural sector in developing countries. Digital technologies overcome information problems that hinder market access for many small‐scale farmers, increase knowledge through new ways of providing extension services, and they provide novel ways for improving agricultural supply chain management. While there are many promising examples of positive impacts on rural livelihoods—or “digital dividends”—these have often not scaled up to the extent expected. The main reason is that technology can always only address some, but not all of the barriers faced by farmers in poorer countries.     

农业科技园区规划关键技术方法与实证经验

［目的］农业科技园区建设符合乡村振兴战略的发展需求。农业科技园区规划采用的关键技术方法是否规范化对新时期园区规划的前瞻性和科学性具有重要作用。从城乡规划学、地理信息科学、农业科技、环境科学、大数据等多学科交叉角度围绕农业科技园区的规划流程、编制内容、技术方法等过程开展关键技术与方法优化研究,为新时期农业科技园区规划提供新思路和标准范式。［方法］基于农业科技园区相关国家政策和学术文献的梳理和研究,结合农业科技园区规划实践经验,集成应用城乡规划、农业大数据分析、可视化等技术,优化园区规划方法。［结果］将规划编制分为前期准备阶段、规划编制阶段、规划评估阶段,从规划过程、规划编制内容体系、技术方法等多维度提出了农业科技园区规划编制方法,建立了农业科技园区规划编制技术方法体系。［结论］提升了规划编制的科学性和可操作性,阐明了规划编制技术方法体系的实证经验,强化了规划科学基础并提升了规划技术水平。     

济宁市耕地资源预警研究

根据区域实际情况构建了区域耕地供需平衡系统;依据济宁市多年土地调查资料和统计数据,预测了耕地需求总量和耕地的供给量;以耕地的供需比作为预警指标,设立预警警限警度,并据此对济宁市2010年和2020年耕地进行了预警分析;结果表明,济宁市耕地资源2010和2020年无警。