产出缺口、货币缺口与通胀预期管理

我国本轮通胀预期在本质上是超额货币供给引致实际货币购买力下降的结果,这表明近年中国持续高货币增长并非简单用"货币透失"所能解释.为检验我国通胀产生动因.本文通过引入产出缺口、货币缺口进行建模,发现产出缺口对通胀有短期正向冲击.而货币缺口是导致我国通货膨胀主要且持续的根源.同时,近年来备受关注的房地产市场对我国通胀效应具有助推效果,实证结果表明房价的攀升对通货膨胀和货币缺口有着直接而显著的影响,因此控制房价也应成为管理部门调控通胀的重要手段.     

我国通货膨胀与产出缺口的关系研究

本文利用新凯恩斯宏观经济模型对我国产出缺口进行估计,并基于产出缺口对我国通货膨胀的动态特征进行分析。研究结果表明,产出缺口对通货膨胀具有显著影响,产出缺口变化是通货膨胀率变化的重要原因;负向产出缺口的缩小能引起通货膨胀率的上升,通货膨胀率对产出缺口的反应具有"速度限制"效应;通货膨胀率对正向产出缺口的反应大于负向产出缺口,具有非对称性。因此,应关注产出缺口在调控通货膨胀政策方面的应用价值。     

产出缺口与中国地区通货膨胀

借鉴开放经济条件下新凯恩斯混合菲利普斯曲线,采用中国省际面板数据,构建一个包含本地区产出缺口、国内其他地区产出缺口和国外产出缺口的三缺口通货膨胀模型,实证分析产出缺口对中国地区通货膨胀的影响,同时分东部和中西部考察区域差异。实证研究结论表明,国内外产出缺口显著影响我国地区通货膨胀。较之中西部地区更多受到国内产出缺口的影响,东部地区则更多受到国外产出缺口的冲击。而且,国内地区间的通货膨胀压力传导在东部地区较中西部更明显。另外,政府的反需求管理措施存在时滞,且政策调控主要降低了本地区产出缺口形成的通货膨胀压力。     

基于产出缺口估计的通货膨胀压力测度研究

笔者利用HP滤波方法估计中国近年的产出缺口状况,并建立描述中国宏观经济中产出缺口与通货膨胀之间关系的菲利普斯曲线方程式,最后采用计量方法进行实证研究发现,持续偏快的经济增长率是中国近年来出现通货膨胀的主要因素.基于此,中国政策当局应当坚持货币政策稳定物价的单一调控目标,并通过控制经济增长速度,来避免宏观经济中出现严重的通货膨胀.     

基于SVAR模型的中国产出缺口估计与应用

潜在产出与产出缺口对于宏观经济形势的判断和宏观经济政策的把握非常重要。本文应用结构向量自回归模型估计了1983-2007年中国的潜在产出及产出缺口,结果显示估计的产出缺口能够准确反映中国1983年以来的经济周期变化而且具有较好的稳定性。由此得出结论:(1)当前中国经济以较低的通货膨胀为代价就可以实现较高的经济增长;(2)供给冲击与需求冲击对GDP增长率具有暂时影响,而供给冲击对GDP造成了持久影响,需求冲击对GDP只产生暂时的影响。     

产出缺口与通胀缺口的动态关联性研究——兼评宏观经济调控执行绩效

本文基于政策损失函数设计了一个新的模型框架,建立了一个不包含预期通货膨胀的反映产出缺口和通胀缺口之间关系的模型,并使用可变参数模型分析产出缺口与通胀缺口的动态关联性,同时评价了1985—2005年问中国宏观经济调控的执行绩效。研究结果表明：（1）通胀缺口对产出缺口的反应系数除了1985、1986两年为负值外,其余年份均为正值,表明通胀缺口的降低有助于抚平产出缺口;（2）通胀缺口对产出缺口的反应系数呈现“凸型”变动模式,并且已经过了波动的顶峰,出现显著下降并逐渐稳定的趋势,这种稳定的趋势有助于同时实现经济增长目标和稳定物价目标;（3）宏观经济调控执行绩效在1996年前较差,在1996年后得到了明显的改善,并在2000年后得到了进一步优化,实际政策损失逐渐向最小政策损失靠拢。     

国际大宗商品价格波动与国内通货膨胀——基于中国数据的实证分析

中国对国际大宗商品的巨大需求决定了其价格波动对国内物价有重要影响。国际大宗商品价格的上涨引起国内通货膨胀的本质是“成本上升型”通货膨胀。国际大宗商品波动在国内传导主要通过直接消费渠道、生产渠道和间接渠道,间接渠道又可细化为预期渠道、联动渠道和扩散渠道。在比较国内外商品价格指数的基础上,本文以中国的数据为基础,建立了进口大宗商品价格指数（缩写为ICPI）。并以CPI、ICPI、产出缺口和货币供应量构建计量模型,得出：货币供应量对我国通货膨胀的影响最大,产出缺口次之,ICPI再次之;但如果考虑到ICPI的波动幅度远大于货币供应量和产出缺口的变化,那么ICPI对CPI的影响可以与产出缺口和货币供应量相提并论。     

我国通货膨胀影响因素的实证分析——基于预期和产出缺口菲利普斯曲线模型

基于预期以及产出缺口模型的菲利普斯曲线的实证分析,得出影响通货膨胀的主要因素,并由此得出主要结论,认为菲利普斯曲线在中国还是存在的,只是在一些体制方面与西方国家有差别,不是很明显;产出缺口在统计上显著影响我国的通货膨胀率。针对以上结论,提出了相应的政策建议。     

城镇职工养老保险基金缺口问题研究

城镇职工养老保险制度转轨的历史债务是城镇职工养老保险金缺口形成的直接原因。人口老龄化背景下领取养老保险金的人数不断增加,而养老保险金保值增值能力又不强,再加上通货膨胀的影响,使养老保险基金缺口问题一直难以解决。因此,通过对养老保险基金缺口现状及原因的分析,以探讨解决缺口问题的方法。     

中国通货膨胀原因与治理措施

中国目前的通货膨胀主要由产出缺口、货币信贷量过快增长、经济结构因素变动、汇率的变化以及通胀预期造成的,而产出缺口是决定通胀的一个基本力量,在货币供应量指标M2中,短期内只有＂真实交易货币＂能直接对物价起推动作用。结合通货膨胀产生的原因对中国治理现阶段的通货膨胀提出几点建议,主要是完善CPI体系、央行实行货币从紧的政策、压低房价、加快转变经济发展方式。     

Asymmetric size-dependent effects of the output gap on inflation: US evidence from the last half a century

This article examines asymmetric size- and sign-dependent effects of the output gap on the US quarterly inflation rate using data from the last half a century (1959Q2–2013Q1). Consistent with previous studies, it is found that the consumer price index is cointegrated with the unit labour cost and the price of oil. A short-run dynamic model is then estimated in which variations in the output gap are divided into three groups: large-positive; large-negative; and small-medium positive/negative. The results provide convincing evidence that only sufficiently large (positive or negative) variations of the output gap can significantly influence inflation. Put otherwise, relatively small to medium changes in the output gap exert no significant impact on inflation and if not separated, they can somewhat obscure the significant effects associated with large variations of the output gap. This study can lead to greater consensus on the inflation–output gap nexus. The findings remain robust despite the use of different measures of output gap and they are consistent with the modern doctrine but with a new caveat: inflation responds to both positive and negative changes in the output gap as long as such variations are of sizable magnitudes.     

Forecasting inflation with an uncertain output gap

The output gap is a crucial concept in the monetary policy framework, indicating demand pressure that generates inflation. However, its definition and estimation raise a number of theoretical and empirical questions. This paper evaluates a series of univariate and multivariate methods for extracting the output gap in Norway, and compares their value added in predicting inflation. We find that models including the output gap have better predictive power than models based on alternative indicators, and they forecast significantly better than simple benchmark models. Furthermore multivariate measures of the output gap perform better than the univariate gaps. Comments from two anonymous referees, Q. Farooq Akram, Tommy Sveen, Ken West, Fredrik Wulfsberg and seminar participants in Norges Bank are gratefully acknowledged. All mistakes remain our own. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of Norges Bank.     

RMB Appreciation,Output Growth,and Inflation

Following Dibooglu and Kutan(2005),we construct a structural VAR model to investigate the impact of RMB(the Chinese currency)appreciation on growth and inflation in China.The empirical results show that RMB appreciation has negative effects on output growth and inflation while neither effect is statistically significant.However,exchange rate shocks are important in the fluctuations of output growth and inflation.We also simulate the scenario of a sharp currency appreciation compared to the gradual approach adopted by the Chinese government.In the counterfactual analysis we find that a sharp appreciation would lead to more violent shocks in economic growth and inflation compared to the gradual approach.     

What determines China's inflation?

We examine determinants of inflation in China. Analyses of both year-on-year and month-on-month growth data confirm that excess liquidity, output gap, housing prices, and stock prices positively affect inflation. Impulse response analyses indicate that most effects occur during the initial five months and disappear after ten months. Effects of real interest rates and exchange rates on inflation are relatively weak. Our results suggest that the output gap is as important as excess liquidity in explaining the inflation trajectory. The central bank should closely monitor asset prices given their spillovers to inflation. Currently liquidity measures are still central for controlling inflation, but further liberalization of interest rates and exchange rates are crucial.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EXCHANGE RATE APPRECIATION AND AGGREGATE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY: THEORY AND EVIDENCE FROM MIDDLE EASTERN COUNTRIES

The paper examines the effects of exchange rate depreciation on real output and price in a sample of 11 developing countries in the Middle East. The theoretical model decomposes movements in the exchange rate into anticipated and unanticipated components. Unanticipated currency fluctuations determine aggregate demand through exports, imports, and the demand for domestic currency, and determine aggregate supply through the cost of imported intermediate goods. The evidence indicates that the supply channel attributed to anticipated exchange rate appreciation results in limited effects on output growth and price inflation. Consistent with theory's predictions, unanticipated appreciation of the exchange rate appears more significant with varying effects on output growth and price inflation across developing countries.     

Currency substitution,inflation, and welfare

Currency substitution affects the mapping between social welfare and inflation by altering the underlying money demand function and influencing interest rates. In order to explore the essence of this effect, I build a model with working capital under which foreign currency is substituted with the less liquid components of domestic money. The framework closely mimics the actual pattern of currency substitution across varying rates of inflation and enables the study of an additional channel that works through the impact of currency substitution on interest rates. It is found that there is a threshold inflation rate, which turns out to be 44% under baseline calibration, below which currency substitution decreases welfare and vice versa. A practical implication is that, at inflation rates lower (greater) than the threshold, the potential welfare gains from disinflation to a near-zero inflation rate are higher (lower) if there is currency substitution than otherwise.     

货币冲击的动态效果

基于一个发展了的允许货币冲击存在短期真实效应的货币数量论框架,以及以此为基础的结构性向量自回归模型(SVAR)来考察货币冲击对我国一般价格水平和实际产出的动态效果的理论和经验分析结果表明,货币冲击在长期内是中性的,但对短期产出水平具有真实效应。不过,与实际冲击的作用比较起来,货币冲击对于解释我国实际变量的波动并不重要;然而,货币冲击能够解释一般价格水平变化的实质性部分。数量历史分析还显示,货币冲击能够很好地解释我国一般价格水平变化的时间轨迹以及历史上发生的通货膨胀和通货紧缩。     

Financial innovations and currency demand: Some new evidence

This paper presents new evidence on the importance of financial innovations for the demand for currency. We use Finnish data on credit card transactions to estimate a currency demand equation which fits the data very well, implies meaningful elasticities and does not suffer from obvious diagnostic problems such as parameter instability. As far as the key elasticities are concerned, it turns out that credit card transactions have a strong offsetting effect on currency demand. By contrast, inflation and tax evasion have only an insignificant demand effect.