人口城市化对消费需求的影响

改革开放以来,我国经济得到了长足的发展,但消费需求不足的问题越来越突出,在一定程度上制约了我国经济的发展。城乡二元经济结构是导致消费需求不足的根本原因,城市化是解决消费需求不足的必由之路。城市化对消费增长产生收入效应、示范效应、扩张与循环累积效应等影响。实证分析表明：城市化水平的提高带动了消费需求增长。因此,加快人口城市化进程,提高人口城市化率是增加我国消费需求的根本途径。     

人口城市化对消费需求的影响分析

改革开放以来,我国经济得到了长足的发展,但消费需求不足的问题越来越突出,在一定程度上制约了我国经济的发展。城乡二元经济结构是导致消费需求不足的根本原因,城市化是解决消费需求不足的必由之路。城市化对消费增长产生收入效应、示范效应、扩张与循环累积效应等影响。实证分析也表明,城市化水平的提高带动了消费需求增长。因此,加快人口城市化进程,提高人口城市化率是增加我国消费需求的根本途径。     

武汉市人口年龄结构变动与居民消费

本文以绝对收入假说作为理论基础,引入标准消费人概念,间接将人口年龄结构作为变量引入消费函数.通过对武汉市2000年以来的时间序列数据进行分析,得出人口年龄结构变动对消费的影响程度.结果表明由于武汉市老年人口的消费水平低于标准消费人,因此随着人口老龄化程度的加深,未来的总消费和消费率水平会相对降低.武汉市为进一步促进消费增长,应当对人口结构变化产生的社会文化与个体经济背景变化给予充分的重视.     

中国未来15年内消费需求发展趋势的预测

消费是一国经济增长的主动力,对于拥有13亿人口的大国经济,中国的消费需求的增长缓慢将会是未来经济发展中的制约性障碍。文章基于此认识,运用计量经济学方法,从实证的角度对中国未来15年内的消费需求总量和结构变化趋势作了预测,希望对于政府采取措施来进一步促进未来中国经济增长的主动力——消费需求的增长有所裨益。     

城市化对经济增长影响的理论研究

城市化水平影响经济增长是毋庸置疑的事实,在国际前沿研究中.城市化的涵义已经不止农村人口向城市迁移和农村经济向城市经济的转变.既定的城市人口下,即既定的城市化水平下,城市资源、城市总人口在不同城市之间的分布,也即城市集中度,同样会对经济增长产生重要影响.论文从经济增长和城市化的一般理论出发,总结了较为成熟的城市化水平与经济增长之间关系的理论研究,重点阐述了城市集中度对经济增长影响的研究成果.     

经济发展过程中“人口红利”的反思与再定义

经典文献和学术界主流更多地从人口年龄结构对经济增长的影响这一角度来观察和分析"人口红利"。经典的"人口红利"概念不足以体现人口转变对经济增长的积极影响。人口年龄结构变动对经济增长产生的积极影响,与这一过程中人口质量的提升密不可分。因此,"人口红利"应该被定义为:在人口转变开始后,由人口年龄结构变动与人口质量提升共同作用形成的、有利于经济增长的人口条件。文章利用生产函数构造了新的"人口红利"测度指标,在此基础上,分析了中国未来人口变动对经济增长的影响,结论是人口质量提升能够使人口变动长期有利于经济增长。因此,中国未来人口发展的方向是人口质量的提升,而不是依赖生育政策来延续所谓"有利于经济增长的人口年龄结构"。     

二次城市化、土地开发与经济增长

文章将二次城市化水平定义为城镇户籍人口占城镇总人口的比重,构建了一个包含城市化、二次城市化和城市土地开发的中央计划者模型,在利用1985-2008年数据对模型参数进行估计的基础上,模拟分析了城市化对经济增长的影响。结果发现,城市化水平的提高对经济增长有积极作用;当人口在城市落户的成本较高时,提高二次城市化水平和城市用地相对面积会显著降低经济增长率;当落户成本较低时,上述负面影响并不明显。在进一步推进城市化的同时,应保持城乡用地的动态平衡,根据落户成本施行差别化的户籍开放和土地开发政策,让中小城市和小城镇成为吸纳人口进城落户的主要场所,这为"十二五"规划建议中有关城镇化的内容提供了理论依据。     

中国经济增长、能源消费与城市化关系的实证研究

本文利用1978年至2011年的相关数据对能源消费和城市化与经济增长之间关系进行了实证研究.研究结论表明：我国能源消费、煤炭消费和城市化与经济增长之间存在着协整关系且具有长期均衡关系,能源消费总量和城市化与经济增长存在着正相关关系.短期内,城市化率和经济增长到煤炭消费存在单向Granger因果关系.城市化率和经济增长到能源消费存在单向Granger因果关系.长期内,城市化率和煤炭消费与能源消费总量之间存在单向Granger因果关系,能源消费、煤炭消费和城市化率与经济增长之间不存在双向Granger因果关系.从脉冲响应函数和方差分解结果可以看出,能源消费总量和城市化率对经济增长的影响保持持续上升态势,并且城市化对经济增长的作用远大于能源消费和煤炭消费对经济增长的作用.城市化对能源消费和煤炭消费的贡献率具有持续拉动作用,而相反能源消费和煤炭消费对城市化贡献率的影响不明显.最后,本文针对实证结果,提出了相关结论以及实现能源、经济和社会可持续发展的政策建议.     

政府行为对经济增长影响的实证检验——以河北省为例

面对全球性金融危机,政府行为对一国或一地的经济增长起着举足轻重的重要作用。文章以制度学派理论为依据,在生产函数模型中引入与政府行为相关的产权制度、对外经济开放度、交通基础设施、政府消费、城市化水平等变量,分类检验其对经济增长的影响。结果表明:产权制度、外商直接投资、政府消费及城市化水平等有效地促进河北的经济增长;而交通基础设施则对河北的经济增长有负影响,这为地方政府留下了需要尽快加以解决的紧迫课题。     

人口结构与经济增长——基于中国省级面板数据的实证分析

本文从人口结构对经济增长的影响入手,从理论出发选取人口知识结构、人口年龄结构作为影响经济增长的人口结构变量。接着,选取1995—2011年的中国省级面板数据,对人口结构、人口增长与经济增长之间的变化关系进行实证分析。通过实证分析发现:在我国,人力资本的提高会对经济增长带来正的促进作用,总抚养比的增加则会显著抑制经济增长。此外,人口增长也会在一定程度上抑制我国经济的增长。最后就实证检验得出的结论,笔者提出了相关政策建议。     

Dynamics of rural-urban migration in India: 1960-1981

"This paper analyzes a multi-sectoral simulation model of the Indian economy designed to isolate the sources of Indian economic growth and urbanization since 1960. The model shares many common traits with other computable general equilibrium (CGE) simulation models, and its underlying framework is neoclassical. The model stresses spatial issues so that it can provide predictions on rural/urban labor demands, and hence on migration flows. The central issue we seek to evaluate is whether a neoclassical development paradigm can explain adequately the somewhat paradoxical patterns of urbanization and economic growth observed in India since 1960. Our conclusion is a qualified, affirmative response, based on the model's ability to replicate key macroeconomic variables."     

经济高速发展中的城镇化影响因素

本文基于中国经济高速发展期的特殊环境,通过考察经济规模、产业结构和城乡收入差距等因素,建立城镇化发展影响因素的计量模型。实证研究表明:面板协整检验表明城镇化率、城乡收入差距、产业结构和人均GDP之间存在显著的长期均衡关系,模型估计结果表明经济增长的规模效应显著为正,而结构效应中农业化率与城镇化之间呈显著的负相关关系,城乡收入差距的结构效应则呈现出显著的倒"U"关系。     

CO2 emissions,economic growth,energy consumption,trade and urbanization in new EU member and candidate countries: A panel data analysis

This paper investigates the causal relationship between energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, economic growth, trade openness and urbanization for a panel of new EU member and candidate countries over the period 1992–2010. Panel unit root tests, panel cointegration methods and panel causality tests are used to investigate this relationship. The main results provide evidence supporting the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis. Hence, there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between environment and income for the sampled countries. The results also indicate that there is a short-run unidirectional panel causality running from energy consumption, trade openness and urbanization to carbon emissions, from GDP to energy consumption, from GDP, energy consumption and urbanization to trade openness, from urbanization to GDP, and from urbanization to trade openness. As for the long-run causal relationship, the results indicate that estimated coefficients of lagged error correction term in the carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, GDP, and trade openness equations are statistically significant, implying that these four variables could play an important role in adjustment process as the system departs from the long-run equilibrium.     

城市规模、资源配置与经济增长

目前,部分城市的房价等资源要素价格高涨,高成本城市化已启动,本文分析了我国城市规模与资源配置的"极化"与"分散化"并存的非平衡增长城市化模式,认为非平衡增长的城市化模式造成了房价等资源要素的高涨和经济的非平衡发展,并以柯布—道格拉斯函数为基础,利用全国287个地级市1999-2008年的面板数据,检验了城市规模、资源配置对经济增长的影响,并对东中西部不同地域和不同人口规模城市和经济增长的关系进行了分类检验和分析。实证结果显示:在城市规模与经济增长之间的相关关系上,中部和西部地区明显高于东部地区。400万以上人口规模的城市,其规模与经济增长的相关系数显著降低。检验结果表明,在我国城市化模式问题上,中西部地区还可以继续进行"集中导向"的城市化模式,而东部地区的城市化到了进行"分散与集中"并存模式的转型时期。在城市规模上,未来城市化可以有重点地扩大部分中小城市的规模,再造大城市,适当控制目前超大城市的规模。在资源配置上,引导、鼓励高校教育、重点项目等资源有重点地向中小城市流入,促进城市经济的协调发展,促进城市化模式从非平衡增长到平衡增长。     

Analysis on the disparity in economic growth and consumption between urban sector and rural sector of China: 1978–2008

This paper designs a theoretical model of excess per-capita income growth and brings forward such indices as excess per-capita income, per-capita base consumption and decreasing factor as well as the corresponding measurement methods. It studies from a brand new aspect the disparity between the economic growth in urban sector and rural sector of China in the past 30 years after the reform and opening-up, together with the disparity between the effects of such growth on consumption. The research results show that: At present the problem of the duality of urban and rural sector of China is still serious; the impaired amount of economic growth in urban sector is larger than that in rural sector while the impairing strength in rural sector is higher than that in urban sector; and it is vital to increase the excess per-capita investment in rural sector in order to effectively strengthen consumption related policies. Therefore, promoting urbanization but reasonably controlling the urbanization progress while strengthening the infrastructure construction in rural areas would be the efficient approach to reduce the impairing strength over the economic growth, to build up consumption market, to improve the duality of economy and to realize sustainable development.     

Economic growth and urbanization: A cross-section and time-series analysis of thirty-five developing countries

In this paper, we discuss the influence of urbanization and urban primacy on the economic growth rates of developing nations. Included in the paper is preliminary evidence, from cross-section and time-series analyses, that while urbanization is an inevitable product of economic development, the process of urbanization is best achieved when the urbanization is managed and gradual. Time-series and cross-section analyses indicate a negative relationship between urbanization and urban primacy and economic growth. However, further cross-section analysis shows that all industrialized economies are highly-urbanized. The dichotomy is explained in that urbanization is inevitable with economic growth, but the pace and character of urbanization also matters. We present a basic model that predicts the economic growth rates of developing nations. The tests performed could only follow the general tone of the model because of the limitations of the data sources. (JEL: O10, O18, O40)     

三次产业结构与我国经济增长关系的实证研究

通过对我国经济增长与产业结构的实证分析,认为中长期内我国经济增长仍是工业占有主导地位,城市化进程仍需要一段时期。但在我国经济增长短期却发生了增长动力的变化,第三产业已经超越第二产业成为我国经济增长的“第一动力”。格兰杰因果检验也同时表明,第三产业将逐渐替代第二产业成为我国经济增长的主导性力量。     

Sustainable development of Shandong peninsula Peninsula urban agglomeration: a scenario analysis based on water shortage and water environment changes

China has experienced a rapid urbanization since late 1970s. The great increase of urban population has resulted in various environmental changes, of which urban water shortage and water environment problems have occurred in most cities, especially in the rapidly developing urban agglomerations in the eastern coastal region. This research, taking Shandong Peninsula Urban Agglomeration (SPUA) as a case study area, analyzes the urbanization expansion in the last decades, discusses the water shortage and water environment changes following the rapid economic development and urbanization such as groundwater sinking in the urban and plain area, sea water and salt-water intrusion in the coastal cities, water pollution overspreading and "water ecosystem degradation, and puts forwards some strategies for sustainability in populous regions with severe water shortage. Some countermeasures for sustainable development of SPUA are put forward, such as modern water resources inter-city networks to regulate water resource between cities, adjusting urbanization policy and urban scale planning to promote the development of small towns and medium sized cities, optimizing urban industry structure by restricting high water consumption enterprises and stimulating the growth of tertiary industry, improving water use efficient to reduce freshwater consumption and wastewater discharge, introducing economic means to water pricing and water management system. and restoring ecological conditions to strengthen the natural water-making capacity.     

Will China’s population aging be a threat to its future consumption?

ABSTRACT

Based on the household level survey data, the paper makes a projection on China’s household consumption in 2049 with reasonable assumptions of disposable income, demographic structure, urbanization rate and total population in 2049. The results show that at annual income growth rates of 3%, 4% and 5%, China’s total household consumption in 2049 will be 71.0, 97.8 and 133.8 trillion CNY, respectively, 3.1~5.8 times of the total household consumption in 2015. Moreover, our projection shows that even excluding the income growth effect, the future consumption increased by rapid urbanization is much larger than the consumption depressed by the demographic change. The result highlights that as long as the Chinese government can successfully eliminate institutional constraints imposed on rural-urban migration, such as Hukou system or residency permits in the urban areas, population aging would not be a major threat to its future development.