Banking as a basis for economic cooperation in less developed Europe

This article examines to what extent Russia's increasing reliance on foreign capital could potentially kick-start the economy and generate growth. The analysis highlights more fundamental issues of governance and institutional arrangements, for which the focus on foreign economic activities serves merely as an example to reflect on pathologies of the Russian economy as a whole. The article consists of a theoretical framework, discussing the change of institutional arrangements in the first section and analysing crucial issues of corporate governance and property rights in the last, while empirical information is compiled for Russia as a whole and its constituent regions in the second and third core sections. The article concludes that the Russian map of high foreign trade activities will be shaped only by patchy growth spots, located either where the domestic market is largest or opportunities for export exist, mainly in large urban agglomerations (economies of scale) and commercial hubs, resource-rich and gateway territories (gravitation to international trading blocs). Major investment disincentives will remain as long as the existing system of taxation has not been substantially changed, property rights are not protected, land and bankruptcy legislation is not properly enforced and local authorities are not prevented form rent-seeking activities.     

基于超效率DEA与Malmquist指数的区域研发效率评价——四大国家级城市群比较研究

选取京津冀、长三角、粤港澳大湾区、成渝地区双城经济圈四大国家级城市群，基于超效率DEA与Malmquist指数测算2016—2018年各城市群科技研发效率。超效率DEA分析结果表明，粤港澳大湾区的研发效率均值最高，其次是成渝地区双城经济圈、长三角城市群，由于京津冀城市群科技发展不平衡问题突出，区域研发效率均值处于四大城市群之尾。Malmquist指数分析结果表明，长三角、粤港澳大湾区、京津冀城市群大部分城市都实现了技术效率正增长，而成渝地区双城经济圈的技术效率逐渐下降，与其它三大城市群存在一定差距。整体而言，四大国家级城市群的技术进步率均值高于技术效率均值，由此可见，增强地区科研能力是提升全要素生产率的关键。在实证分析我国区域研发效率的基础上，对我国城市群资源配置、优势资源禀赋、区域协同创新水平以及产学研深度合作等提出对策建议。     

科技推广服务业对区域创新效率的影响——以东部三大城市群为例

基于2010—2019年我国东部三大城市群面板数据,运用面板回归、中介效应与门槛模型考察科技推广服务业对东部三大城市群创新效率的影响及作用机制。研究结果表明：东部三大城市群创新效率呈逐年提升态势,且京津冀城市群创新效率与长三角、珠三角城市群存在较大差距;科技推广服务业不仅有助于直接提升东部三大城市群创新效率,还能通过促进产业结构升级间接驱动区域创新效率提升;科技推广服务业对东部三大城市群创新效率的影响存在区域异质性;科技推广服务业对拥有不同创新能力或处于不同经济发展阶段的城市具有异质性作用。     

The long breadth of cities: revisiting worldwide urbanization patterns, 1950–2030

ABSTRACT

A comparative analysis of population dynamics worldwide contributes to profile distinctive demographic and economic trajectories of urban growth, discriminating processes of settlement concentration or dispersion under sequential cycles of urbanization. However, a wide-ranging characterization of urban cycles based on demographic dynamics worldwide is still missing. The present work is aimed at filling such a gap analysing long-term changes (1950–2030) in annual population growth rate of 1691 urban agglomerations with more than 300,000 inhabitants in 74 world countries. Results of this study indicate that metropolitan growth worldwide was associated with largely variable rates of population growth, highly positive before 2000 and progressively reducing over recent decades. Despite important differences at continental (and country) scale, demographic expansion of urban agglomerations showed two contrasting phases with a break point in the 1980s denoting a progressive reduction in spatial heterogeneity of population growth rates and a moderate slowdown in demographic dynamics. Intensity of urban expansion and spatial heterogeneity in population growth rates across metropolitan agglomerations evidences a trade-off between fast and slow demographic dynamics. These findings can be better understood to support theories of sequential city growth, making a suitable contribution to policy making, especially in countries where urban population is expanding more rapidly.     

The Organizational Approach of Capability Theory

Abstract

Richard Langlois, Tony Yu & Paul Robertson (LYR) (2003) have assembled a collection of previously published papers that move beyond textbook production theory. This essay discusses work by Frank Knight and Hendrik Houthakker not reproduced in LYR in relation to the capability theory of economic organization. Knight identified the problem of organization as the search for and the coordination of different dispersed capabilities. Houthakker helps us to see more clearly that the benefits of specialization are not brought at zero cost; whatever is the governance structure employed, there will inevitably be coordination costs due to differences in capabilities.     

Development of a health economic model to evaluate the potential benefits of optimal serum potassium management in patients with heart failure

Abstract

Aims: Patients with heart failure are at increased risk of hyperkalemia, particularly when treated with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor (RAASi) agents. This study developed a model to quantify the potential health and economic value associated with sustained potassium management and optimal RAASi therapy in heart failure patients.

Materials and methods: A patient-level, fixed-time increment stochastic simulation model was designed to characterize the progression of heart failure through New York Heart Association functional classes, and predict associations between serum potassium levels, RAASi use, and consequent long-term outcomes. Following internal and external validation exercises, model analyses sought to quantify the health and economic benefits of optimizing both serum potassium levels and RAASi therapy in heart failure patients. Analyses were conducted using a UK payer perspective, independent of costs and utilities related to pharmacological potassium management.

Results: Validation against multiple datasets demonstrated the predictive capability of the model. Compared to those who discontinued RAASi to manage serum potassium, patients with normokalemia and ongoing RAASi therapy benefited from longer life expectancy (+1.38 years), per-patient quality-adjusted life year gains (+0.53 QALYs), cost savings (£110), and associated net monetary benefit (£10,679 at £20,000 per QALY gained) over a lifetime horizon. The predicted value of sustained potassium management and ongoing RAASi treatment was largely driven by reduced mortality and hospitalization risks associated with optimal RAASi therapy.

Limitations: Several modeling assumptions were made to account for a current paucity of published literature; however, ongoing refinement and validation of the model will ensure its continued accuracy as the clinical landscape of hyperkalemia evolves.

Conclusions: Predictions generated by this novel modeling approach highlight the value of sustained potassium management to avoid hyperkalemia, enable RAASi therapy, and improve long-term health economic outcomes in patients with heart failure.     

高技术制造业与高技术服务业协同集聚的经济增长效应

基于中国省级面板数据，利用空间面板模型和面板门槛模型，探究高技术制造业与高技术服务业协同集聚的经济增长效应。结果表明：区域间产业集聚特征差异显著，高协同集聚主要集中在东部沿海地区，低协同集聚主要集中在西部地区。经济增长水平、高技术制造业与高技术服务业协同集聚水平均具有显著空间正相关性，二者协同集聚有助于促进区域经济增长。协同集聚的经济增长效应存在双重门槛，当高技术制造业集聚度和高技术服务业集聚度均介于第一、二门槛之间时，产业协同集聚的经济增长效应最强。仅少部分省域两产业集聚度介于第一二门槛之间，能够有效发挥协同集聚对经济增长的推动作用。     

Political and Legal Factors of Economic Growth in Russian Regions

The authors propose some new approaches in order to evaluate formally regional specifics of political and legal culture and institutes' impact on the dynamics of economic development of the regions and on the regions' investment climate. They demonstrate using a model that the influence of institutional factors, including some indicators for the basic individual rights maintenance in the regions, on economic growth is significant.     

产业互动外部性、生产性服务业集聚与城市创新力--对我国七大城市群的一项实证比较

城市群经济在我国经济版图中扮演越来越重要的角色,正成为创新扩散的主要载体和经济增长的新引擎。生产性服务业作为高技术含量的知识密集型产业,其分布与结构的合理性对城市及城市群形成创新竞争力有重要意义。从产业互动外部性与产业集聚外部性角度切入,将城市群作为产业集聚的空间载体,利用2003-2016年我国七大城市群127个城市的面板数据构建动态空间面板模型,考察生产性服务业相对专业化集聚及相对多样化集聚对城市创新力的影响,进而探讨这种影响在城市群之间的差异性。实证结果显示:(1)生产性服务业相对集聚具有空间溢出效应,即某一城市创新力受当地和相邻地区生产性服务业相对集聚水平的影响。(2)就全国整体而言,对城市创新力有持续性影响的主要是相对多样化集聚而非相对专业化集聚,通过生产性服务业嵌入制造业价值链形成动态比较优势来实现城市创新能力的提升。(3)考虑区域异质性的回归结果表明,生产性服务业相对集聚程度对不同发展阶段不同发展模式的城市群内城市创新产生显著的差异性影响。     

中国东部沿海四大城市群协同创新效率综合测度及影响因素研究

中国东部沿海城市群作为国家经济增长的核心战略区和新型城镇化的重要组成部分,促进其协同创新效率提升对实现经济高质量发展具有重要现实意义。基于2005—2018年地级市数据,以京津冀、山东半岛、长三角和珠三角城市群为研究对象,采用三阶段DEA方法测算四大城市群协同创新效率并分析其时空特征,利用Tobit回归模型分析不同城市群协同创新效率的主要影响因素,结果表明：①剔除外部环境与随机因素的影响,除山东半岛城市群外,其它三大城市群的平均综合效率值均较第一阶段下降;②外部环境因素对协同创新效率具有显著影响,区域经济水平和政府财政支持力度与协同创新效率负相关,研发支持力度、产业结构和对外开放水平与协同创新效率正相关;③协同创新效率总体呈上升趋势,但内部城市等级存在空间不平衡性;④不同城市群协同创新效率的主要影响因素也存在差异。基于上述结果,提出促进不同城市群协同创新发展的相关建议。     

19个国家级城市群数字经济发展水平测度及空间格局研究

以“十四五”规划布局的19个国家级城市群为对象,结合模糊集合思想构建数字经济发展评价指标体系,利用遥感数据和地理信息系统技术建立格网化数据集,通过应用投影寻踪模型、Dagum基尼系数及其分解方法、探索性空间自相关方法和修正的引力模型,测度2013—2019年19个国家级城市群数字经济发展水平,对其整体发展态势、区域差异及空间格局进行考察。研究结果表明,19个国家级城市群数字经济发展态势良好,整体呈现以递次转移为主、跨级转移为辅的演化特征;协同性欠佳,城市群间异质化、城市群内同质化特征逐渐显现;数字经济发展呈现出由弱到强的空间集聚特征,以低—低集聚为主、高—高集聚次之的局域空间集聚特征始终存在;数字经济发展呈现为以京津冀—长三角—珠三角为三大集聚的“高地连绵区”和东北、西北两大“低谷连绵区”的空间发展态势,以“胡焕庸线”为分界的东密西疏空间关联格局已经形成。     

中国城市群人口流动与 区域经济发展平衡性研究 ——基于全国第六次人口普查长表数据的分析

本文利用2010年全国第六次人口普查长表数据系统分析了我国24个城市群的人口流动模式,并运用基尼算法测算人口流动前后城市群人口与经济发展平衡性演化。研究结果表明：1我国城市群之间及内部人口流动规模庞大,人口流入和流出均呈集中趋势,人口流入集中特征尤为明显。2城市群流动人口分布呈现“极化”和“属地化”特征,东部城市群和所在经济区内城市群是主要人口流入区域,东部城市群大规模的人口流入与流出并存,且绝大部分流入人口来自城市群覆盖省份以外。3珠三角城市群仍为我国最重要的人口强势流入中心,江淮城市群和环鄱阳湖城市群则构成我国的人口强势流出中心。4我国城市群人口分布与经济发展平衡状况总体较为合理,各城市群之间平衡性差异显著但并未出现明显的区域分化,人口流动显著改善了城市群内部的人口分布与经济发展平衡性。     

高速铁路对城市群经济发展格局的影响及其作用机制

本文详细阐述了高铁开通对城市群发展的影响机理,以2005-2018年中国五大城市群92个地级市的数据为样本,从城市群视角出发,通过构建DID估计模型考察了高铁开通对经济发展格局的影响及其作用机制。研究发现：从整体城市群层面来看,高铁开通提升了五大城市群的经济增长水平,并缩小了城市群经济差距；从分城市群层面来看,高铁开通对每个城市群的经济增长均产生了正向效应,并显著地缩小了京津冀、长江三角和珠三角城市群的经济差距,有利于实现经济一体化；人才集聚、资本集聚、技术创新在高铁开通影响经济发展格局的过程中起着中介作用。     

Market Orientation and Regional Economic Disparities in China

The change in China's regional output disparities can be attributed to the variation in market orientation in individual regions, and the change in China's livelihood disparities can be attributed to the weakening of government intervention in the form of regional income redistribution in the reform process. The study suggests that China should accelerate economic growth of backward interior regions by deepening market-oriented reforms on the one hand, and help residents in these regions by strengthening fiscal transfer from richer to poorer regions on the other.     

Strategic Technology Alliances: A Way to Innovative Enterprises in Russia?

This article examines whether, how, and to what extent international technology partnerships of Russian enterprises and research institutes contribute to their technological capability building. It presents results obtained by analysis of both a unique survey of Russian enterprises and research institutes co-operating with Western partners in seven selected high-technology fields and four Russian regions with a high concentration of R&D, and additional evidence from 16 in-depth interviews with managers of such Russian high-technology entities (HTE).     

珠三角城市群战略实施以来的效率评价

珠三角城市群是中国的三大城市群之一,已成为中国经济发展的重要战略平台.随着国家城市群战略及珠三角改革发展规划纲要的全面实施,珠三角城市群的经济运行效率得到大幅提升.为全面评价珠三角城市群的区域运行效率,本文依据相关面板数据,运用数据包络分析方法(DEA),对珠三角城市群战略实施的整体效率与城市群内部城市的结构效率进行了分析,发现随着珠三角城市群战略的不间断实施,珠三角城市群的整体运行效率与结构运行效率持续有效,且结构运行效率一直处于动态变化中,有效区域不断放大.     

论城市群经济整合内涵、特征及其空间过程

城市群的存在是区域城市化与城市区域化的重要表现,经济全球化与区域经济一体化必然要求重视和加强城市群经济的发展。城市群经济整合是城市群进一步发展的内在要求。处在高速成长阶段的城市群在经济发展上应当考虑整体布局,更加强化横向联系,而事实是城市群内部的核心城市间在发展上往往没有重视横向协作与整合,共同发展。对城市群经济整合内涵、特征以及城市群经济整合过程等基本问题展开系统而深入的分析研究,有利于更好地把握城市群经济整合的实质,并从操作层面上展开行动。     

Economic evaluations in migraine: systematic literature review and a novel approach

Abstract

Background: For novel migraine therapies, economic evaluations will be required to understand the trade-offs between additional health benefit and additional cost. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic literature review (SLR) to identify previous economic evaluations in migraine from the United Kingdom or Irish perspective to critically appraise these evaluations and to propose, if necessary, a novel modelling approach that can be used for future economic evaluations of migraine therapies.

Methods: An SLR was conducted to identify previous economic evaluations of preventive migraine treatments. Key opinion leaders were consulted to determine the criteria for a robust migraine economic evaluation. Economic evaluations identified in the SLR were appraised against these criteria, and a novel cost-effectiveness model structure was then proposed.

Results: Eight records reporting on published economic evaluations were identified and critically appraised for general quality. Expert consultation provided 6 recommendations on the ideal model structure for migraine that is both clinically and economically meaningful. A decision-tree plus Markov structure was then developed as a cost-effectiveness model for migraine therapies where each health state is associated with a patient distribution across monthly migraine day (MMD) frequencies.

Conclusions: Future migraine economic evaluations should allow for assessments across the full spectrum of migraine, a response-based stopping rule, and the estimation of benefits and resource costs based on MMD frequency. The approach proposed in this paper captures all of the desired elements for an economic evaluation of migraine therapy and is suitable to assess new migraine therapies.     

Beyond GDP: an analysis of the socio-economic diversity of European regions

ABSTRACT

This paper aims to analyze the socioeconomic diversity of the European Union (EU-28) regions from a dynamic perspective. For that purpose, we combine a series of exploratory space-time analysis approaches to multiple Factor Analysis (MFA) applied to a large range of indicators collected at the NUTS-2 level for the period 2000–2015 for the EU-28. First, we find that the first factor of MFA, interpreted as economic development (ECO-DEV), is spatially clustered and that a moderate convergence process is at work between European regions from 2000 to 2015. Second, when comparing these results with those obtained for Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, we show that the convergence pattern detected with GDP per capita is more pronounced: ECO-DEV adjusts slower over time compared to GDP per capita. Third, pictures provided by the remaining interesting factors, capturing educational attainment, population dynamics and employment, are very different.