国有地勘单位应对勘查主体多元化的策略

随着国家公益性地质工作与商业性地质工作的分体运行,地质勘查市场的主体发生了根本性改变,勘查主体日益多元化.新兴的企业类型的地勘单位越来越多,给国有地勘单位带来了很大的竞争压力.文章分析了国有地勘单位在地质资料、技术人才、国家政策支持等方面的优势,以及资金和经营性资产少、体制不顺、机制不活、历史包袱沉重、技术装备差等方面的劣势,提出了国有地勘单位应对竞争的策略.     

加强地质工作问题的探讨

加强地质工作,必须从明确投资的目的、建立规范市场化的运作机制、建立多渠道的地质投资机制、改善地质市场投资环境等方面入手,以形成良好的地勘工作氛围,同时根据地勘队伍的现状,国家应进一步完善社会保障和服务职能,地勘单位应进一步落实国家改革的相关政策,建立市场化的地勘运作机制,以切实转换地勘单位的经营机制,提高地质勘查单位竞争力。     

大力发展地质教育 加快培养地质人才

加强地质工作是缓解资源瓶颈制约,促进国民经济持续、健康、协调发展的重要举措。要振兴地质工作,关键靠人才。从地质人才队伍现状和地勘单位人才需求出发,必须采取制定招生培养优惠政策,建立分层次人才培养基地,提高地勘单位工资待遇,建立人才激励机制等方面的措施,大力发展地质教育,培养和留住地质人才,以解决当前地质人才青黄不接的困难。     

回顾与思考——我所经历和理解的地质工作改革

地质工作改革,在1998年以前主要采取了四项举措,即进行地质队伍专业化改组,实行部分地质成果商品化,"一业为主、多种经营",对地勘单位进行企业化改革,通过实践取得了良好的成果.从1999年开始,随着社会主义市场经济体制的逐步确立,地质工作体制改革主要进行了公益性地质工作改革、商业性地质工作改革和地勘单位企业化经营.今后的地质工作改革,应结合我国地勘体制和机制现状,并借鉴西方市场经济国家的经验,解决好矿产普查的资金来源问题,充分利用现有地质技术力量和地质资料,维护原地勘单位职工既得利益.     

做好新时代城市地质工作的方法论

城市地质工作在几乎涵盖所有地质工作内容的同时,又不断延伸出地质工作新的领域。城市地质是地质工作的方向和未来。新一轮城市地质工作是地勘单位产业延伸、转型、升级的一次重要机遇,需要地勘单位从战略角度来审视谋划。地勘单位要树立大地质观,围绕国家宏观战略,聚焦市场需要,解放思想、转变观念、建设队伍,提升能力、开拓市场,抢抓新一轮城市地质工作带来的市场机遇,整合资源,建立新的工作平台和工作机制,打造城市地质全产业链体系,推动地勘经济可持续发展。     

浅议地勘单位高技能人才队伍建设的对策

众多地勘单位十分注重专业技术人才队伍的培养和发展,但在一定程度上忽视了高技能人才队伍的建设。随着地质找矿工作的强劲势态和地矿市场的激烈竞争,日益彰显高技能人才的独特作用。地勘单位建设高技能人才队伍的主要对策是:营造良好的创新激励、励才机制,实现个人的发展与企业的发展相结合,通过企业的发展来培养必需的高技能人才。     

通过治理整顿深化改革摆脱地质工作当前困境

地矿行业治理整顿、深化改革的指导思想应是:适应大环境、改善小气候,坚持以地质找矿为中心,进一步调整地勘工作布局,优化地勘工作的产业结构和队伍结构,提高地质工作管理水平。通过经济运行机制的改革,逐步增强地勘单位活力,促进地质事业发展。     

把握地下管廊建设热潮促进地勘单位业务转型

《关于加强城市地质工作的指导意见》中明确提出"将城市地质工作与地勘单位转型发展有机结合,引导地勘单位按照市场规则,积极参与城市地质工作",第一次将城市地质工作与传统地勘单位业务转型升级联系起来,为地勘单位未来发展指明了一条道路。面对地下管廊建设经济热潮,地勘单位应做好以下几点工作:(1)决策层转变观念,树立市场意识;(2)找准自身定位,制定发展规划;(3)进行技术更新升级;(4)做好PPP模式在地下管廊项目中的应用研究;(5)利用体制机制转变契机,引进战略投资者。     

实施地质找矿新机制还需政府给力

政府应在建立和完善矿产勘查投融资机制,为地勘单位营造良好的地质勘查工作环境,为地勘单位提供信息服务和为地质科技进步搭建平台等几个方面发挥积极作用,以使地质找矿新机制得以运行。     

我国地勘市场主体建设

在经济社会快速发展的条件下,我国地勘市场面临着巨大的历史机遇,如何把握我国地勘市场的发展现状,应在总结一般经验的基础上,进一步分析我国地勘市场主体建设的必要性与可行性。我国地勘主体体系建设的雏形已经形成。今后我国地勘市场主体建设的基本策略应是,在地勘单位建立现代企业制度,以矿业权为依托推进现有地勘单位战略重组,优化地勘单位资本结构,更新地质勘探装备,明晰产权,完善社会保障体系,优化人才激励机制、人才引进机制,重视对地质资料的保护和控制。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Evaluating Alternative Policy Responses to Higher World Food Prices: The Case of Increasing Rice Prices in Madagascar

Higher world food prices have led many developing countries to adopt policies to mitigate the impact on low-income households. This article sets out a partial equilibrium framework to evaluate the efficiency, distributional, and revenue implications of alternative policy responses. The model is applied to evaluate tariff reductions and targeted transfers in Madagascar. Although lowering tariffs generates substantial efficiency gains, these accrue mainly to the top half of the welfare distribution, and poor net sellers are actually worse off. Developing a system of targeted direct transfers to poor households is likely to be a substantially more cost-effective approach to poverty alleviation.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.