对当前湖南“三农”问题的战略思考

当今湖南农村经济的发展必须高度重视"三农"问题."三农"问题不仅制约着湖南的经济发展,而且可能引发种种矛盾,危及社会稳定,已成为全社会关注的焦点.庞大的农业人口与有限的农业资源的尖锐矛盾是湖南省"三农"问题的直接原因;而工业化道路偏差和城乡二元结构是体制原因."三农"问题导致农业低效率、农民贫困、农村不稳定等种种结果.解决的办法是进行农业战略性结构调整、大力发展民营经济、改革城乡分割体制、完善农村税费改革,以增加农民收入和为农民提供保障.     

“三农”仍是农村改革的重中之重

中国改革从农村起步.本文概括地总统了30年农村改革取得的四大成就,分析了农村改革取得巨大成功的四大原因,并提出了解决"三农"和"城乡二元结构"问题的对策和建议.     

特色农业产业纵向一体化的选择——应用GAHP方法对“肥西老母鸡”企业的实证分析

本文结合纵向一体化战略的理论对中国特色农产品加工企业进行了实证研究.认为企业实施"从农村走向城市"的向前一体化发展战略,是破除城乡二元结构、形成城乡经济社会发展一体化和推动城乡统筹发展的成功模式.     

基于响水“两化”建设的农村土地流转模式创新经验与启示

城乡一体化发展要求着力打破城乡二元经济结构,促进城乡生产要素有效流转。在该探索过程中,黑龙江省提出了响水"两化"建设。在"两化"背景下,设计出以龙头企业+合作社+农户为运行方式的农村土地流转模式,并以此来破除城乡二元结构、形成城乡经济社会发展一体化新格局。本文以响水"两化"项目区为研究区域,剖析在"两化"背景下土地流转模式的选择、路径设计和该模式实施以来取得的成效以及经验总结,为其他地区土地流转提供借鉴。     

基于“三农”市场定位的村镇银行发展对策研究

村镇银行作为城乡二元结构下小微金融机构,对于支持农村经济发展,促进城乡金融平衡发展意义重大.随着其经营业务的逐步深入,村镇银行的深层次发展面临诸多障碍,急需针对村镇银行“三农”市场定位,构建适宜其发展的对策.     

财政支农对"三农"问题的效应研究

"三农"问题始终是我国政府关注的焦点,国家财政逐年加大对其投入,但由于长期的城乡"二元结构"和财政支农政策投入偏向,使得"三农"问题不能从根本上解决.本文拟选取我国1995-2006年的财政支农数据,利用计量经济模型进行实证分析,试图找出影响财政支农效应的因子,并提出相应政策建议.     

我国二元经济与多元过渡社会保障模式探析

随着我国城乡二元社会结构的转型,我国的二元社会保障模式的局限性日益突显,构建多元过渡社会保障模式势在必行,实施我国社会保障的"五驾并驱"战略,推进城乡社区建设,加快新农村建设中的公共产品供给.     

城市化背景下农民观念“二元结构”分化

更新农民传统观念,建立现代文化价值观念,推进城市化由量变向质变跨越。本文分析快速城市化背景下农民观念"二元结构"分化,源于城乡"二元结构"影响根深蒂固、城乡居民社会资本模式的本质差异、"文化堕距"现象不可避免、"人的现代性"产生与发展的规律性,提出提升农民观念适应加速城市化的对策。     

从制度层面破解城乡二元结构的几点思考

近年来,全国掀起了建设社会主义新农村的高潮。在新农村建设取得明显成就的同时,我们也清醒地看到,影响新农村建设进程的主要因素——城乡二元结构问题并没有从根本上得到解决。要破解城乡二元结构,必须解决好制度层面的问题,如社会保障制度、土地制度、金融制度等。一、建立健全覆盖城乡的社会保障制度,解除农民"市民化"的后顾之忧,是破解城乡二元结构的前提     

福建城乡二元经济结构的演变历程分析

文章运用1978-2006年福建统计数据,采用比较劳动生产率、二元对比系数和二元反差系数指标,对改革开放以来福建城乡二元经济结构进行分析,并对福建城乡二元经济结构演变趋势作了展望.     

饲料中镉含量的测量不确定度评定

分析石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定饲料中镉含量不确定度各个分量,对其测量不确定度进行合理评定,结果表明:饲料样品中镉含量为0.052 mg/kg时,其扩展不确定度为0.0035 mg/kg(k=2),校准过程和测试过程随机效应是引入不确定度的主要原因。     

面粉中含砂量测定的不确定度评定

本文依据《粮油检验粉类粮食含砂量测定》对面粉中含砂量进行测量,并对其测量结果进行不确定度分析,探究影响测量过程中不确定度分量来源并进行评定。分析得出,扩展不确定度为0.0004%,面粉中含砂量测定结果为0.017%±0.0004%(k=2)。     

中国水稻生产效率的变动分析

一、引言中国是世界最大的稻谷生产国 ,水稻是中国最主要的粮食作物。我国加入WTO后 ,在市场经济的调节下 ,稻谷生产与贸易受国际市场和价格的影响越来越大 ,因而如何保护我国的农业 ,提高我国水稻的国际竞争力 ,促进我国农产品的生产和贸易 ,是摆在我们面前的一件重要事情。而生产效率的提高有助于提高我国水稻的国际竞争力 ,所以 ,研究水稻的生产效率很有意义和价值。生产效率是指产出量与全部投入之比 ,表明产出量的变动与全部投入量变动的关系 ,以衡量生产率的变化对经济增长的作用。生产效率一般是指生产系统的总要素生产率 (TotalFa…     

食品中金黄色葡萄球菌定量检测的不确定度评定

为提高食品中金黄色葡萄球菌定量检测结果的准确性,本文对测量不确定度进行分析和评定.按照《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验金黄色葡萄球菌检验》(GB 4789.10—2016)第二法金黄色葡萄球菌平板计数法对人工染菌的乳粉样品进行检测,按照《测量不确定度评定与表示》(JJF 1059.1—2012)分析不确定度来源、评定...     

农地生产率变化及不同规模农户农地生产率比较研究--浙江省农村固定观察点农户农地经营状况分析

本文以浙江省农村固定观察点的农户为研究对象①,对近十几年来农户农地利用结构和生产效率方面的变化做一实证分析。一、农地生产率变化分析(一)农地生产率及其经营效益变化从观察户的跟踪观察资料看,随着科学技术的进步和农户生产技术水平的提高,农户的农地生产率总体呈上升趋势。这里我们以浙江的主要农作物粮食的单位面积产量与农地单位面积投工两个方面来说明。从表1可见,在固定观察点建立以来的14年中,按播种面积计算的粮食亩产提高了15.14%(1988年较1986年提高20.60%);同期,每亩农地的用工量减少了36.76%。表1的后半部分是农户农地经…     

分光光度法测定食品中亚硝酸盐不确定度评估

本文根据《测量不确定度评定与表示》(JJF 1059.1—2012)和《食品安全国家标准食品中亚硝酸盐与硝酸盐的测定》(GB 5009.33—2016),利用分光光度法对食品中亚硝酸盐的含量进行测定,建立数学模型对亚硝酸盐含量测定的不确定度来源分量进行计算、分析,食品中亚硝酸盐的测定结果可以表示为X=(11.2±0.70)mg·kg^-1,k=2,为评价试验测量结果的真确性提供科学依据。     

重庆缙云山旅游竞争力提升研究

缙云山作为国家级重点风景名胜区,在自然资源、生态、区位和宗教旅游方面具有一定的旅游竞争优势,但如何有效利用这些优势资源提高景区的竞争力仍是其面临的重要问题。通过分析缙云山的旅游竞争力基本要素,指出其目前存在的旅游产品单一、景区客源市场小等问题。提出改变旅游资源开发方向,完善解说系统,培养专业人才,加强管理等提升缙云山旅游竞争力的相关措施。     

明代华北农业发展的推动因素分析——生产要素角度的描述与估计

本文以明代时期的北直隶、山东、河南为例,从生产要素的角度分析明代华北农业发展的推动因素.一是人口的增长、迁移和耕地面积的增加.二是农田水利,除了治理河流,井灌得到了广泛采用.三是农业技术有所进步.本文还尝试用生产函数模型,分别对中性、劳动增强型和土地增强型的技术进步率进行估计,结苯表明,明代华北农业的增长方式主要依赖于劳动和耕地的增加.在资源约束日益加剧的今天,要进一步重视技术进步在推动农业发展中的作用,同时在技术选择和创新中还特别需要注意与各地的资源禀赋条件相适应.     

Assessment of implementation of protection of mineral deposits in spatial planning in Poland

A complex of raw materials available in a given commune shapes its functional − spatial structure and affects local economic development. The use of the resource base of minerals depends largely on the management of the space and respecting the zoning restrictions connected with protection of mineral deposits. The urgent need to protect them is due to their non-renewable nature and progressive development of the land. Preserving access to deposits is essential to ensure future mineral supply necessary for the economic development. This article presents the results of the assessment of implementation of rules of protection of mineral deposits in spatial planning at the level of territorial units in Poland.The study has been conducted in twenty-three communes of the Lesser Poland voivodeship, for thirty-one unexploited mineral deposits designated for protection in the Spatial Development Plan of the Lesser Poland (Małopolskie) Voivodeship of 2003. In the study of conflict with development of the selected mineral deposits with the environment, factors related to land use, forms of nature protection, water conservation and planned land development have been evaluated. The assessment has taken into account the importance of individual factors of conflict by giving them weights by means of pairwise comparison method. Five classes of conflict of the deposit management have been proposed: non-conflicting deposit, small conflict, medium conflict, major conflict and very big conflict. Almost equal numbers of deposits (9) belong to the class characterized by a of medium, small and large conflicts. Road and technical projects as well as expected significant impact of exploitation on the environment restrain exploitation. The impact is related to the necessity of use of explosives during the exploitation and by the cumulative effect of the mining activity already existing nearby. Analysis of the planning documents of the communes has shown both inadequate protection of mineral resources, including designation of areas of deposits for single-family housing, and a few examples of properly maintained spatial planning in the field of protection of mineral deposits. Information obtained from the environmental survey has been supplemented by assessment of the social aspect. In nine communes it has been determined that the areas of mineral deposits are not subject to spatial conflicts but in seven communes there is opposite situation. The most important benefits from the mineral exploitation which has been indicated in the studied documents included: jobs, access to construction materials and development of the commune.Present work allowed to define the areas and the scale of conflicts induced by development of mineral deposits and to propose measures for rational management of mineral resources. Recognition of the existing and potential conflicts can help to make the right decisions concerning development of the area and minimising impacts of exploitation of the mineral deposits.     

Evaluation of forestland use in mining operation activities in Turkey in terms of sustainable natural resources

Mining has been necessary for human activities and is conducted in line with this need. The location of mines must sometimes be where land use overlaps with other activities because the location of the mined substance cannot be changed. In Turkey, forestland are the most common of these overlapping areas. Therefore, mining has frequently occurred on forestland in Turkey—and worldwide. After the mining operation activities are conducted, the forestland are rehabilitated and returned to the forest administration. The examination of used and returned areas provides an opportunity to create an optimal situation between “mining for sustainable development” and “protection of forestland.”Accordingly, several questions, such as mining production amounts, degrees of social and economic development of the cities in which enterprises are conducting mining, the quantity of the areas they used for mining activities in forestland, the areas which were returned to the forest administration, operating license areas and operation permit areas, and the life of mining operation, were asked to the mining enterprises in Turkey through the “Survey Monkey” program in 2018. Thus, according to mineral groups, different land use rates were compared with the operating license areas, and the land uses for each mineral group were analyzed by considering the operation activity periods. The results indicate that the sustainability of the use of forestry in mining activities in Turkey has changed in a positive direction, particularly because of changes in mining and environmental legislation in Turkey over the last decade.