“两税合一”对台湾上市公司股利税资本化的影响

本文以1994～2001年两税合一税制实施前后的台湾上市公司为样本，运用Harris-Kemsley股利税后收益模型，探讨所得税制改革对权益投资者收益的影响，以及两税合一税制的实施对股利税资本化的影响。实证结果表明：两税合一税制实施前，台湾上市公司的末分配盈余与其股利税资本化程度负相关，即股利税资本化效果存在；两税合一税制实施后，台湾上市公司的股利税资本化程度低于两税合一前的程度。     

红利税与印花税的连通机制研究

红利税率的多元化是引致投资者对股票估价差异性的原因之一,并且催生了现金股利除息前后的套利机会和增量交易。当现金股利水平超过某一临界值时,具有税负优势的投资者将在除息前买入股票,然后在股票除息后卖掉,以进行套利。这种交易将使得红利税发生额减少,印花税发生额增加,形成红利税与印花税之间的联通机制。     

Anticipating Tax Changes: Evidence from the Finnish Corporate Income Tax Reform of 2005*

Using register‐based panel data covering all Finnish firms from 1999 to 2004, we examine how corporations anticipated the 2005 dividend tax increase via changes in their dividend and investment policies. The Finnish capital and corporate income tax reform of 2005 creates a useful opportunity to measure this behaviour, since it involves exogenous variation in the tax treatment of different types of firms. The estimation results reveal that those firms that anticipated a dividend tax hike increased their dividend payouts in a statistically significant way. This increase was not accompanied by a reduction in investment activities, but rather was associated with increased indebtedness in non‐listed firms. The results also suggest that the timing of dividend distributions probably offsets much of the potential for increased dividend tax revenue following the reform.     

我国环境税改革应以“环境红利”为首要目标

本文基于国际比较视角,将欧洲国家环境税改革的经验与我国实际情况相结合,主要从现行税制结构、社会保障制度以及劳动力市场等几个方面进行了比较,认为环境税的双重红利尤其是就业红利在我国现阶段实现的可能性较小,实施环境税改革应以追求环境红利为首要目标。     

Shareholder taxation and aggregate dividend payout: Evidence from the tax reform act of 1986

The effect of shareholder taxation on corporate dividend policy is a major controversy in financial economics. The Tax Reform Act of 1986 eliminated the statutory tax disadvantage of dividends versus long-term capital gains for individual shareholders. Using aggregate time series data I find evidence that corporate dividend payout has become more generous in the period after tax reform.     

Investor Tax Heterogeneity and Ex-Dividend Day Trading Volume

We propose that ex‐dividend day excess volume is motivated by tax heterogeneity among investors, and thus is increasing in investor tax heterogeneity. Institutional ownership is our measure of heterogeneity. Since investor heterogeneity is a concave function of institutional ownership, we hypothesize that ex‐day volume is a concave function of institutional ownership. Cross‐sectional tests support the tax‐motivated trading hypothesis. Additional tests, using trade size and pension ownership as proxies for institutional trades, yield similar results. We contribute to the literature by considering the interaction between payout policy and ownership structure in explaining the cross‐sectional variation in ex‐day volume.     

The Informativeness of Dividends and Associated Tax Credits

This paper investigates the informativeness of dividends and the associated tax credits with respect to earnings persistence. After confirming that dividend‐paying firms have more persistent earnings than non‐dividend‐paying firms, we show that the taxation status of the dividend is also important. Firms that pay dividends with a full tax credit attached have significantly more persistent earnings than firms that pay dividends which carry no associated tax credit. Consistent with higher levels of tax credits identifying more mature firms, those paying dividends with full tax credits have significantly less persistent losses than firms that pay dividends with only partial tax credits. Further, market pricing tests confirm that the incremental information in dividends and tax credits contributes to reductions in market mispricing of the persistence of earnings and earnings components. Our results are robust to alternative model specifications and controlling for dividend size and firm age.     

从公司治理角度分析"股利税"的改革方向

股利在公司治理中具有重要作用,股利税的不同设计对企业公司治理有重要影响。为有效利用税法完善企业的公司治理,建议对个人的股利所得适用较低税率的"双重征税"形式,以减少企业派发股利的税收成本,缓减"自由现金流"代理问题,同时发挥债权人和机构投资者的治理优势;对于公司间股利所得,按持股比例规定适用税率,以减少集团企业控制权与现金权分离的程度,缓解控股股东与中小股东的代理问题。     

The composite dividend tax rate

Dividends often impose taxes on investors. However, as certain prior financial models indicate, they also can produce a tax gain from leverage. Hence the composite marginal dividend tax rate can be specified as the nominal rate minus the offsetting tax gain from leverage. Although this principle has been embedded in theoretical models for more than 40 years, no prior study has examined empirically whether the dividend-induced tax gain from leverage influences dividend policy. We address this empirical void and find dividends decrease in the nominal dividend tax rate and increase in the offsetting tax gain from leverage. In addition, we find the composite tax rate outperforms traditional measures in explaining dividend policy for our full sample of firms. Consistent with prior theory, we also find the composite rate varies in influence according to the financing source for a dividend.     

Tax-Induced Trading of Equity Securities: Evidence from the ADR Market

We examine ex‐dividend date trading of American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) using a sample of 1,043 dividends over the period 1988 to 1995. ADR dividends are often subject to foreign withholding taxes, creating incentives for certain investors to avoid the distribution. ADRs exhibit negative abnormal ex‐dividend day returns, and their prices behave consistently with their related withholding taxes. Abnormal trading volume for taxable issues exceeds 130 percent and 300 percent of normal volume on the cum‐ and ex‐dates, respectively. Abnormal volume is an increasing function of foreign withholding tax rates and decreasing function of transactions costs. This abnormal ex‐date trading activity is consistent with tax‐motivated trading.     

Green Tax Reforms and the Double Dividend: an Updated Reader's Guide

This paper draws on the literature on the double dividend to explore whether an environmental tax reform yields not only a cleaner environment but also non-environmental benefits. In doing so, it investigates how environmental tax reforms impact welfare, the distribution of income, and employment. Also the political economy of environmental taxation is discussed.     

论税制改革、优化与税收征管均衡发展

税制改革与优化为税收征管创造良好的实施基础,有助于税收征管质量和效率的提高;税收征管是税制改革与优化的制约因素,良好的税收征管是保证税制有效运行的手段,税收征管质量和效率的提高有利于税制改革与优化,为税制改革与优化提供更广阔的空间。只有税制改革、优化与税收征管均衡发展,才能更好地实现税收政策的经济社会目标,充分发挥税收的作用。     

税收正义刍论

税收正义是当前税制改革的前提规范。一个税收体制公正合理性的基础是平等课税、公平税负、效能化税收的真正体现。构建社会主义“和谐社会”需要一个公正合理的税收制度的支撑,需要一个真正实现了程序正义、结果正义和制度正义的税收体制的建构。因而,现代税收制度的建构呼吁税收正义的实现。     

我国证券市场税收政策浅析

我国现行以证券交易印花税为主体的证券税制,在组织财政收入、调节证券市场、抑制过度投机等方面发挥了一定作用,但还存在一些不足之处。建议:进一步调整证券交易印花税的征收办法;建立一套系统、健全的证券税制;消除对公司和股东个人股、红利的重复征税;统一上市公司的企业所得税政策。     

结构性减税背景下深化我国税制改革探析

"结构性减税"是后危机时代背景下我国政府采取的一项重大宏观调控措施。作为一项与"税改"有着密切联系的积极性财政政策,"结构性减税"的顺利实施必然在改革节奏、改革力度以及改革内容等方面对"税改"提出一系列内在的要求。然而,在实践中,我国"税改"却不能完全适应"结构性减税"政策的内在要求,存在着一系列改革不到位的问题。这严重阻碍了"结构性减税"政策的贯彻落实,亟需我们加大力度,从加快体制变革、完善体制设计、增加体制供给等多个方面进一步深化现有的"税改"。     

增值税和营业税的变化趋势及改革路径

从世界范围看,一个国家的工业化和城市化进程是推动该国税收制度变化的基本力量。本文研究了在工业化和城市化水平双重坐标下,作为我国中央政府第一大税种的增值税和作为我国大多数地方政府第一大税种的营业税的变化趋势,评估了我国增值税和营业税的改革方向和改革困境,并指出了其改革路径。     

我国开征物业税有关问题的研究

《中共中央关于完善社会主义市场经济若干问题的决定》中提出:“实施城镇建设税费改革, 条件具备时对不动产开征统一规范的物业税,相应取消有关收费。”物业税的开征成为新一轮税制改革诸项税改举措中令理论界、实业界、普通百姓重点关注的内容。本文重点分析了我国现行房地产税制的现状及存在的主要问题,论述了开征物业税的难点和必要性,并对我国开征物业税提出了初步设想。     

Tax Amnesties and Income Tax Compliance: The Case of Spain

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the long‐term impact on Spanish individual income tax (IRPF) compliance of the amnesty measures granted in 1991 within the framework of the 1988–91 income tax reform programme. To that end, we combine time‐series techniques with outlier detection methods and the Bai and Perron (1998) test for the endogenous estimation of structural breaks. On the basis of the analysis of the monthly IRPF tax collection series from 1979 to 1998, we find that the amnesty had no effect on tax collection in either the short or the long term. By contrast, we find evidence of the permanent positive impact caused by the legislative and administrative measures linked to the IRPF reform process begun in 1988.     

浅议当前税制改革的三忧

当前,税制体制改革存在财税体制不兼容、税务机构不合理、税制结构不合理三忧,使财税体制改革出现很多困难。应从以下几方面进行全面配套的财税体制改革:适当下放财权,适当上收事权;调整税种,完善税制;深化税务机构改革。     

Environmental Taxes, International Capital Mobility and Inefficient Tax Systems: Tax Burden vs. Tax Shifting

This paper deals with the so-called double dividend of an environmental tax reform. In a model with only labor and a polluting input as factors of production, we find that society faces a trade-off between internalizing environmental externalities and raising revenues in the least distortionary way. However, if capital enters the production structure, an ecological tax reform may render the tax structure more efficient from a non-environmental point of view, thereby raising not only environmental quality but also private incomes.