强化税收征管调节“富人”收入

自1993年对个人所得税法进行修正后，个人所得税在税制结构中的地位有了明显的提高，在部分地区的地方财政中成为仅次于营业税的第二大地方税种。但有关的分析表明，个人所得税存在着大量偷逃税款的现象，尚有不少税收潜力没有转化为实际的税收收入，税收流失较多。个人所得税制的运行没有达到预期的目标，除了税制本身不完善以外，税收征管也存在一些问题。个人所得税的征管力度不强，不仅不能保证税制得以有效执行，还影响了税制改革的进程。     

论地方税收制度建设

1994年,我国在实施新税制的同时,确立了分税制财政体制,初步奠定了地方税制的基础,较好地理顺了中央和地方的财政分配关系。但税制改革是在我国市场经济发育程度较低的情况下进行的,并没有完全到位,而地方税制建设又是在政府职能尚未完全明晰、中央与地方的事权不很明确的条件下实施的。因此,进一步深化地方税改革、加强地方税制建设是我国今后一个时期整个国家财税改革的一项重要内容。     

外贸企业中增值税会计处理问题探讨

外贸企业中增值税会计处理问题探讨上海华申丝绸有限公司朱国芳为了适应社会主义市场经济发展，我国从１９９４年起实行新税制，增值税则是新税制的主要内容。新税制运行一年多了，我们在执行有关增值税会计处理的规定中，觉得它还有一些不够完善的地方，特提出来与同行探...     

中印地方税制度比较分析

我国和印度的地方税①制存在明显的差异。印度的地方税制具有较强的法制性、完整性和自主性。本文认为,我国的地方税制改革可以借鉴印度的一些先进经验,把重点放在加速税收基本法的建设、增强地方政府征税的合法性、扩大地方税的覆盖范围、完善地方税税种体系和税制结构以及提高地方税收入占整个地方政府税收收入的比重上。     

地方税制的国际经验与借鉴

本文通过对美、德、日、法四国的地方税制进行比较分析,归纳出四国地方税制的特征,并在此基础上提出了对我国地方税制改革的建议:建立分级地方税制;选择财产税为地方税主体税种;采用集权为主的税权模式。     

违规“税收优惠”危害大

近年来 ,一些地方政府不按国家税务部门的有关规定 ,自行制定税收优惠政策的现象在各地迅速蔓延 ,严重地冲击了国家现行税制 ,侵蚀了国家财政收入 ,积累了国家财政风险 ,也有悖于创造公平竞争的市场环境 ,已经到了非治理不可的地步了。地方自行制定税收优惠政策 ,已经成为地方变相减免税的一种主要手段 ,从短期和局部来看 ,“税收优惠”可能在一定时期内对某一地区的经济发展起到促进作用。但从长远来看 ,无论是从税制的角度还是从财政的角度 ,无论是对地方利益还是整体利益 ,都有极大的危害性。一是导致恶性竞争。“税收优惠”导致各地恶性…     

美国农业税收政策及对我国的启示

我国农业税制改革已经势在必行。美国的农业税收政策主要是由各税种中针对农业生产的一些特殊优惠政策构成的，可以分成联邦政府的税收、州政府的税收、地方政府的税收三个层次来说明。美国的农业税收政策可以对我国的农业税制改革有所启示。     

“1994年以来税制改革回顾与展望”征文启事

1994年实施的新税制,不仅规范了国家与纳税人之间的分配关系,而且规范了中央与地方政府的财政分配关系,为中国经济社会持续稳定发展奠定了良好的财税制度基础。为总结1994年以来税制改革20年的经验,提出对未来税制改革有借鉴意义的建议,国家税务总局成立了《1994年以来税制改革回顾与展望》课题组,由解学智副局长、张志勇副局长分别担任课题组组长和副组长,承办单位为国家税务总局税收科学研究所和政策法规司。     

中国房地产税改革分析与建议

本文首先论述中国推进房地产税制改革的必要性和社会基础,然后分析中国房地产税改革和实施的困难与阻力,尤其是社会对房地产税的认识误区,比如对房地产税本质的认识,与土地出让金的混淆等,进而论述房地产税的功能、改革的目标和目的,最后提出房地产税制改革的建议.本文突出强调房地产税改革的近期目标应该以税制自身的改革、税制现代化,以及税制与社会发展相适应为目的,而地方财政收入功能应该放到长期的目标中.建议国家采取"中央定调子,地方定方案"的策略推进房地产税改革.     

国外交通运输业的增值税政策及其启示

将生产型消费税改型为消费型增值税、将增值税的征收范围扩大到与工商业具有密切联系的交通运输业、建筑业已经成为我国流转税税制改革的一种必然趋势。本文通过对国外实行增值税税制国家对交通运输业的增值税政策研究，认为我国可以从国外交通运输业的增值税政策中得到一些启示。     

Investor protection,taxation, and dividends

We test the impact of taxes and governance systems on dividend payouts across countries. We show that, unlike previous studies, firms in strong investor protection countries pay lower cash dividends than in weak protection countries when the classical tax system is implemented, but they repurchase more shares to maximise their shareholders' after-tax returns. In weak protection countries, cash dividends and repurchases are low and less responsive to taxes. Our results suggest that when investors are protected, they weigh the tax cost of dividends against the benefit of mitigating the agency cost, but, when they are not, they accept whatever dividends they can extract, even when this entails high tax costs.     

Corporate tax reforms and tax-motivated profit shifting: evidence from the EU

This paper examines whether the profit-shifting trend in Europe during 2003–2013 can be explained by tax policy changes. Consistent with prior literature, we find that affiliates’ profits are sensitive to tax rate changes. However, we document that tax base–broadening reforms have mitigated the incentives for both inward and outward profit shifting. In particular, we find that anti-avoidance rules prevent multinational companies from shifting profits out of their foreign affiliates, whereas other tax base–broadening rules, such as restrictions on the deductibility of tax losses or on group tax relief, reduce the incentives for multinational companies to shift profits into foreign affiliates. Furthermore, we find evidence of a downward trend in profit shifting across European countries, especially when the tax enforcement is stricter. Overall, these results suggest that broader tax bases and stricter tax enforcement have successfully curbed this particular tax strategy.     

With which countries do tax havens share information?

In recent years tax havens and offshore financial centres have come under increasing political pressure to cooperate with other countries in matters of taxation and efforts to crowd back tax evasion and avoidance. As a result many tax havens have signed tax information exchange agreements (TIEAs). In order to comply with OECD standards tax havens are obliged to sign at least 12 TIEAs with other countries. This paper investigates how tax havens have chosen their partner countries. We ask whether they have signed TIEAs with countries to which they have strong economic links or whether they have systematically avoided doing this, so that information exchange remains ineffective. We analyse 565 TIEAs signed by tax havens in the years 2008–2011 and find that on average tax havens have signed more TIEAs with countries to which they have stronger economic links. Our analysis thus suggests that tax havens do not systematically undermine tax information exchange by signing TIEAs with irrelevant countries. However, this does not mean that they exchange information with all important partner countries.     

Corporate tax competition between firms

Firms’ tax planning decisions, similar to their other operational decisions, are made in a competitive environment. Various stakeholders observe the tax payments and evaluate these against the relevant peer group. This implies firms might not simply minimise their tax burden, but also consider their competitors behaviour when deciding about tax planning. Empirically this creates interdependencies in the tax planning activities of firms. Introducing the concept of a reputational loss we show the positive interdependence in a theoretical model and test it in a spatial econometric model. Empirical evidence suggests that benchmarking takes place both within countries and within industries, however for the latter it is important to include firms in large non-EU OECD countries.     

房地产税的共识、争论与启示--基于理论和实践的综合分析

从世界范围来看,房地产税在地方税体系建设中具有不可替代性,但税制设计的特殊性和征收过程的复杂性也使其备受争议。本文着眼于从理论和实践结合的角度,较为系统地分析世界房地产税发展中已取得的共识、仍存在的争论,以及对中国具有启发性的结论。首先,通过分析房地产税作为地方主体税种的优势解释其建立和发展的必要性。随后从两个方面分析房地产税征管中存在的矛盾、已有对策及其有效性:其一,以核心指标为基础建立税收收入分析框架,实现对政策行政因素的分析;其二,从纳税人的厌税情绪和对公平性的冲击两个方面实现对社会经济因素的分析。最后,尝试得出房地产税征收和改革中应遵循的共识性路径,并总结像中国一样的发展中国家应额外关注的关键点。     

Local fiscal equalisation based on fiscal capacity: the case of Austria

This paper deals with local fiscal equalisation in Austria. The system of intergovernmental relations in Austria includes different regulations in order to equalise differences in the fiscal capacity of the municipalities. This leads to so‐called ‘compensation effects’, because additional revenues from a local government's own tax are (at least partly) compensated by losses from equalisation grants. This paper carries out a detailed analysis of these compensation effects. It is shown that they create strong fiscal disincentives for the local governments: on average, 55 per cent of additional revenues from the communal tax (which is the most important of a local government's own taxes) are compensated by losses of equalisation grants. In extreme cases, local governments can lose up to 144 per cent of the additional tax yields collected. These local governments would be better off if they made no effort to increase their tax base.     

美国税权划分制度评析与借鉴

美国的联邦、州和地方三级政府各自拥有属于本级的税权,并在同级政府层面上表现为税收立法权、执法权和司法权三者之间的划分与制衡。本文通过分析美国税权划分的主要特点,对我国税权划分改革提出了若干建议:确定税权划分的法定主义原则、税收立法权划分的指导思想、赋予地方适度税权的具体设想、明确划分中央与地方税收执法权限、建立解决地区间税权争议的协调机制、通过一些制度设计完善税收司法权的行使。     

An empirical study of the impact of corporate taxation on the global allocation of foreign direct investment: a broad tax attractiveness index approach

The question of whether a country’s corporate tax regime has a significant influence on the level of foreign direct investment (FDI) into that country is an important consideration in the design of national tax policy. This is especially relevant today in view of the recent increase in the global mobility of capital and subsequent increase in the importance of FDI to nations’ economies. Although several prior quantitative studies have investigated the link between taxation and FDI, they have tended to be restricted in geographical scope and in their measure of taxation.This study constructs indices of “corporate tax attractiveness” for selected countries and then analyses the relationship between the indices and measures of the flow of FDI into those countries. The indices are constructed by obtaining evaluations from international investors and taxation experts on the various attributes of the tax systems of those selected countries. A significant positive relationship was found to exist between the indices and measures of FDI inflows, and between individual tax system attributes and those inflows, thus adding support to the supposition that host country corporate taxation influences the size of FDI inflows.     

借鉴国际经验完善我国地方税征管体系

本文介绍了当前发达国家地方税征管体系,从地方政府的税收征管能力、纳税服务理念、税源监控和税务代理等方面分析了西方发达国家地方税征管体系的特点,并结合我国的国情,提出了完善我国地方税税收征管体系的建议。     

Re-assessing the merits of measuring tax evasion through business surveys: an application of the crosswise model

Self-assessments by respondents in surveys are often the only available measure of tax evasion in developing countries at the microeconomic level. However, they suffer from the reluctance of respondents to reveal their own illicit behavior. This paper evaluates whether this weakness of self-assessments can at least partially be overcome through a novel questioning method, the crosswise model, which allows estimating the prevalence of tax evasion, but not identifying whether the individual respondent engages in tax evasion or not. Using evidence from Serbia, we show that crosswise model-based estimates of the share of firms which significantly underreport sales exceed those obtained from conventional methods by around 10 % points or more. With respect to wage underreporting to evade payroll tax and social security contributions, we do not find differences. These results appear to be robust to a number of modifications, and we explore various potential causes that lead to these results.