中加公众参与城市规划的比较及思考

加拿大公众参与城市规划已有30多年,联邦政府和地方政府认为在城市中引入公众参与,会让公众对城市规划和管理采取更加合作的态度,可以让政府更好地管理城市.本文着重论述加拿大公众参与的起源、理念、技术和方法的先进经验,对比我国公众参与所处的历史阶段,分析存在的主要问题及其原因,提出我国城市规划中完善公众参与需要从主体法、城市规划管理体制及规划编制程序几个方面,通过城市试点探索适合我国国情的公众参与模式.     

公众参与原则与我国城市规划立法的完善

公众参与城市规划是城市居民能够直接而积极地参与城市规划、成为规划制定和规划实施过程中一个重要的组成部分.它对于减少规划失误、促进规划的顺利实施及监督规划部门依法行政具有独特的法律价值.公众参与城市规划的原因在于解决规划失灵问题,是恢复个人利益与公共利益平衡的重要杠杆.借鉴各国公众参与制度,我国的公众参与机制应从城市规划信息公开、赋予社会公众参与城市规划的主体地位、确立公众参与城市规划的程序、明确公众参与城市规划的方式以及强化公众参与城市规划的司法保障等方面进行建构.     

转型期公众参与城市规划的认识与思考

公众参与城市规划是转型期我国城市规划工作的重要内容,有其独特的时代背景和现实意义.当前我国城市规划公众参与存在着参与法制不健全、参与深度及广度有限、参与渠道不畅通、参与方式手段落后、参与意识薄弱等问题.发展和促进公众参与应从完善公众参与的法制建设、积极创新参与方式、推进城市规划信息公开、构建"自上而下"与"自下而上"相结合的多元化参与平台和加强公众参与教育入手.     

城市规划公众参与系统结构及运行机制

针对城市规划中的公众参与问题,首先阐述了公众参与对提升城市规划品质、构建现代和谐城市的重要意义,并就目前我国城市规划公众参与现状与存在的问题进行了分析,认为城市规划中公众参与体系主要受经济发展水平、法制体系健全程度及民众整体文化素质等因素的影响,其内部系统可分为实体子系统、制度子系统和公众意识子系统.三个子系统之间的关系是:实体子系统是根本,制度子系统是关键,公众意识子系统则既是实体子系统、制度子系统的共同结果,又会对它们产生制约或促进作用;根据其运行机制,提出了我国城市规划中公众参与具有可操作性的运行程序,并提出了相应的保障措施.     

城市规划职业的经济学思考

只有正确理解政府,城市规划才能正确理解自己的职业。政府的市场角色长期以来一直被误读。政府是市场的一部分而非对立面。如同所有其他市场参与者,政府的功能不是纠正"市场失灵"。它同样是一个有自利动机的,以经营空间为手段提供公共产品和服务的企业。其行为准则就是追求其所有者利润最大化。从这一新的视角出发,可以对政府竞争、公众参与等长期困惑城市规划理论的问题重新思考,并得出全新的结论。城市规划专业的职业坐标,也因此需要进行重大调整。     

德国城市建设中的公众参与

公众参与作为德国法律和政治制度在城市建设领域的重要体现,贯穿于德国城市建设的每一个环节,其中最集中体现在城市规划和城镇更新中.通过对德国城市规划法律法规的研究,系统地介绍了德国城市规划公众参与的工作阶段和工作方法,以及在城镇更新中的公众参与措施和社会规划.     

城市规划与公众参与

本期刊发的有关城市规划可诉与不可诉的文章,颇多歧见,难求一致。若着眼于现实,莫如把讨论聚焦到建立公众参与机制上来。这是因为,城市规划的诉讼(假如可诉的话),是当规划方案的内容或实施侵害到相关权利人利益时的救济手段;城市规划的公众参与,则是在规划制订过程中就注意吸收各方意见,平衡各方利益。前者是亡羊补牢,但纠纷和损失已经发生;后者是事先化解矛盾,将损失减到最少。因而,建立公众参与机制理应更加受到关注。从正在修订送审的《城乡规划法》的第14条来看,此前阶段在这方面的努力已经得到政府和社会的积极回应。现在的问题是,怎么使公众参与不至     

城市规划中的传播学原理

城市是公众的城市,规划是公众的规划,规划过程伴随着传播过程.城市空间关系建立在城市规划主体对各类组成要素的认识理解与组织协调的基础上,是公众参与的结果.在城市规划中,从社会协调与公众参与的角度研究规划传播的理论与方法有利于增进公众了解,获得公众支持与参与,协调各类公共关系,保障城市空间的公众利益,促进城市的健康发展.     

城市规划管理中的传播理论研究

城市规划管理过程是各种城市信息传播的过程.从城市规划的角度,分析传播者,传播技巧,媒介,符号及受传者等内容,研究人居环境作为传播媒介的本质功能,阐明传播绩效与建立在公众城市认识论基础上公众参与规划的关系.注重传播理论与方法在规划编制、社会协调与公众参与中的运用,强化公众参与、协调各类公共关系,保障城市空间的公众利益,促进城市和谐健康发展.     

浅谈城市更新中的公众参与问题

一、我国城市更新中公众参与的现状特征　　 1 公众参与的现状长期以来 ,在计划经济体制下城市居民习惯于将所有问题都视作政府的责任。随着市场经济体制的建立 ,城市居民对城市规划建设的参与意识高涨 ,公众参与成为规划工作中被广泛关注的热点。深圳、上海、青岛及南京等一些城市已率先在加强城市规划中的公众参与方面作出了有益的尝试。深圳市新近成立的规划委员会 ,其成员不仅包含了一定比例的非政府官员 ,而且包括了诸如专业团体、民间组织的代表等 ,并且赋予其规划决策权。这是规划民主化进程的重大进展。目前从总体看 ,我国城市规划…     

市民利益平衡下的城市设计导则的运作机制

新的社会环境下,适应社会利益主体多元化的社会发展格局是城市设计导则实施其控制引导城市规划、建设活动的理念、方法和效果的核心.论文通过对我国城市设计开发中各个"参与方"的动机分析,就城市设计导则的编制到实施的各个阶段作了系统的归纳,提出导则编制应以市民利益平衡为出发点,注重公众参与,明确政府部门的权责关系;结合我国规划编制体系现状,强调了以利益平衡为宗旨下的设计导则实施机制的可操作性思路和方法.     

SOCIALLY ENGAGED MUNICIPAL STATECRAFT IN URBAN CHINA? The Shenzhen Biennale as Situated Planning Experiment

In this article I build on scholarship that calls for attention to the interventionist role of the municipality in steering development beyond growth to introduce the situated planning experiment as a mechanism through which municipalities practice socially engaged statecraft. The situated planning experiment foregrounds place-based innovative planning practices that incorporate the participation of citizen intellectuals who act as advocates for marginalized groups in China. I frame the Shenzhen Urbanism\Architecture Biennale (UABB) as a situated planning experiment, tracing its influence on the municipality's shift in approach to planning for urban village redevelopment. I show how the UABB is leveraged as an instrument for the municipality to connect social and economic objectives in development and how it presents differentiated opportunities for migrant residents to make viable urban lives. The article offers one possibility for theorizing the changing relationship between municipal entrepreneurialism and urban planning and critically evaluates the potential for socially engaged municipal statecraft, considering the Xi regime's focus on people-oriented urbanization. It represents one way in which studies of municipal statecraft can consider the variegated logics and forms of emerging post-growth state programmes and politics.     

Obstacles and solutions on the ladder of citizen participation: a systematic review

This article presents a systematic review of the English-language empirical literature about citizen participation to identify the obstacles to its implementation and the most successful ways to address them. Three sets of variables seem to impact effectiveness: contextual factors, including information asymmetries and public officials’ attitude; organizational arrangements, including community representation criteria and process design; and process management patterns, including group dynamics and collaboration quality. Two recommendations stem from our analysis: internalize decisions in organizational procedures, and establish ongoing interactions between government bodies and their stakeholders. We conclude that half-hearted engagement is unlikely to lead to successful citizen participation.     

A Missing Citizen? Issue Based Citizenship in City-Regional Planning

City regions are significant sites of economic development, policymaking, and everyday living. Yet in many countries they are weakly institutionalized and therefore lack established democratic practices. This article is based on a study exploring citizen participation in city-regional planning in Finland, where traditional participatory means have largely failed to invite and involve citizens. The analysis approaches city regions relationally, as evolving processes with a changing spatial shape and scope. Through the notion of lived citizenship, including the dimensions of status, practices and acts, the article reveals how the dominant ideas of citizenship in city-regional planning hide from view elements that are significant for citizen participation. Whereas people's rights to participation can largely be fulfilled on a territorial basis in municipalities and states through legal membership in political communities, in the context of weakly institutionalized city-regional planning such status-based forms of participation are typically not available. This vagueness has created an image of a missing city-regional citizenry, which the article sets out to challenge and rework through the notion of issue-based participation as lived citizenship.     

解析我国推进公众参与城市规划的障碍及成因

我国公众参与城市规划的问题一直是一个长期被关注但又推进迟缓的问题.本文在对西方国家公众参与城市规划的理论与实践的深入研究基础上,重点解析我国在推进公众参与城市规划方面存在的主要障碍以及形成障碍的成因,文章同时对加速我国公众参与城市规划的进程提出建设性政策建议.     

城市规划民主与公众参与

在民主政治的基础上,公众参与既是民主政治的通俗化表达、一种权力制度,又是一种具体的社会民主形式.具体到城市规划领域,公众参与既作为一种权力制度,以一种抽象的规划权力运行机制存在,又作为具象的城市规划民主的实现形式而出现;在此意义上,城市规划民主与公众参与是一致的.公众参与只有在城市规划民主的基础上才具有实质意义.     

探索城市规划项目开发审批过程中的公众参与

随着我国经济的快速发展,国家越来越重视城市规划项目开发审批过程。为了提升城市规划项目中的公众参与,可将其作为正式制度纳入城市规划工作程序中,促进编制的科学化与民主化,积极引导各级群众的参与,实现真正的公众参与。     

Citizen Participation in Urban Governance in the Context of Democratization: Evidence from Low‐Income Neighbourhoods in Mexico

Participation has recently been subject to renewed attention and critique in the context of neoliberal urban governance. This is especially relevant in countries where decentralization and democratization in the context of neoliberalism have led to increased promotion of local‐level participation. This article suggests that current critiques of participation's potential for democratic citizen engagement in a neoliberal context would benefit from further reflection on how participation is implemented in contexts, particularly the global South, where neoliberalism and democracy may be understood differently. Different ‘cultures of engagement’ in specific settings suggest that understandings and practices of participation draw on different traditions, including corporatism and self‐help. This article seeks to add to the debate by exploring the socio‐spatial consequences of participation structures in low‐income neighbourhoods in a provincial Mexican city. Based on qualitative research in two low‐income neighbourhoods in Xalapa, Mexico, it examines how the provisions of the local citizen‐participation framework compare with residents' experiences of it. Formalized conceptions of participation, framed as involvement in service provision, interact with and shape residents' activities in developing their neighbourhoods. This has consequences for urban development there, including the reflection and reproduction of social and spatial marginalization.