A study of economic development in Tibet of China based on the ecological economic mode

The purpose of this paper is to study the issues on keeping the continuous development of Tibetan economy and the relative stability of its ecosystem. Hence, in order to achieve the object, the study analyzes the status quo of economic development in Tibet and the problems of resource exploitation. It especially discusses frailty of Tibetan eco-environment, and evaluates the contradictions between the traditional economic developing mode and the safety of plateau＇s ecosystem. It concludes that there is an inevitable clash between the development of Tibetan economy and the safety of plateau＇s eco-system; this problem cannot be avoided by any decision maker, Therefore, the character of Tibetan econvironment and the requirement of its economic development strategy determine that ecological economy developing mode is the only choice for Tibet. This paper suggests that it should be compensated by the national government to assure that Tibetan economy can keep a higher developing speed. In accordance with the feature of plateau eco-economy system and demand of Tibetan economic development, this paper also suggests several methods to apply the ecoeconomy developing strategy of Tibet.     

The Transition of Thoughts on Grain Control in the Qing Dynasty:A Survey of the Great Debate on the Ever-Normal Granary and Grain Prices in 1748

The ever-normal granary system was an official granary management system in ancient China.Throughout its existence,the system functioned as a major means of adjusting the price of grain and provided disaster relief.Few studies on the system touches upon the relationship between grain price fluctuation and the development of the grain market,or the ever-normal granary system and its related economic school of thoughts.Starting with the development of the grain market and the relationship between the price of grain and grain reserves,and through a systematic review of the debate on the ever-normal granary system and grain prices among high-level officials of the Qing government in the 13th year of Emperor Qianlong’s reign(1748),this paper analyzes the historical process and reasons for the change in thoughts on the ever-normal granary system and discusses the historical path of how economic phenomenon gave rise to the clash of economic thoughts that influenced the evolution of this economic institution.     

County financial ecology and the development of new socialist countryside in China

The new rural construction will involve many fields, such as the upgrade of the industrial structure of agriculture, the impravement of the efficiency in the use of agricultural resources, the increase of farmers＇ income, maintaining sustainable agricultural development, and strengthening the construction of agricultural service system and circulation system.Finance, as the core of modem economy, should serve the new rural construction. However, there are many problems about the financial system in the rural area for a long time. So it is vital to build a good county financial eco-environment to promote the development of county financial systems and give full scope to the supporting function of finance. Only when we solve the problems in rural financial ecology and make clear the government ＇s fanction and activities, the county financial environment can function and be improved. Based on the reality of county economic development and starting from the connotation of county financial ecology, this paper analyzes the status quo of county financial eco-environment, especially the significance of optimizing the county financial eco-environment under the macroscopic background that the country proposed the socialist new rural reconstruction, and proposes the opinions and suggestions to construct and the maintain county financial eco-environment.     

Financial deepening and regional economic growth Analysis on Circum-Bohai-Sea Region

Financial deepening can improve economic growth by facilitating capital liquidity and promoting efficiency of allocating resource, which has played an important role in the development of the Pearl River Delta and the Yangtze River Delta in China. As a new economic growth pole, Circum-Bohai-Sea Region should focus on internal financial deepening. In this paper, SWOT analysis is used to observe the level of financial deepening in Circum-Bohai-Sea Region, and some related policy suggestions are given in the end.     

Environment investment： transition from end-investment to multi-investment

Environmental investment must change its direction from end-investment to multi-investment, such as ecological construction, recycling economy and environmental protection. Only it can meet the needs of breaking the bottleneck of resources and environment for Chinese sustainable development. And the transition can hero us realize low-ost and highspeedy increasing of economy, as well as the construction of ecological health, beautiful environment economic development and harmonious new society. Material recycling in ecosystem can run well by self-organization and self-regulation by nature with low-cost and even non-cost. So, the environmental investment in ecological construction should be the profits maximum investment. But it needs country＇s support in financial policy on ecological or environmental compensation. Recycling economy is a brand-new pattern of economic growth, which formed gradually in the course of mankind exploring and practicing sustainable development. Fountainhead prevention, reducing and whole processing control are its significant characteristics, which are digerent from any former economic and environmental protection system. Investing in technology development and relevant industry of recycling economy should be the other major field of environment investment in China in the future.     

Construction and harmonious development of urban-rural comparing financial systems based on comparative advantages theory

There exist diferences between urban-rural financial systems,Generally,the development of unban financial industry has absolute advanages compared with rural financial industry.According to the Matthew Effect,the financial resources will flow into cities for higher benefit ,so rural areas are unable to obtain absolute advantages However,relative advantage theory of the comparative advantage theory of the comparative advantage theory provides an lmportant way to observe res[ectove advamtage of both city and country.Therefore,there are comparative advantages for the development of financial industry in both urban and rural areas.The respective comparative advantages of urban-rural financial systems will supply greater efficiency than that in current dual puttern condition.Closely connected with China＇s financial development and reform and the fact of recreation of urban-rural financial system,this paper tries to explain the comparative advantage of the urban-rural financial systems.The anaalysis of the comparative advantage between urban and rural finance is the clue for the bonndary between urban-rural financial systems.This paper analyzes the current situration of urban-rural financial system.Then it proposes some views and suggestions on how to develop and maintain these two systemw as well as how to promote their coordinative development.     

Return to Endogenous Financial System via Corporate Bonds

After 35 years＇ reform and development, China has established an ＂exogenous＂ financial system. This type of financial system was created outside of real economy rather than derived from its inherent demand. To improve the role of market mechanism in allocation of financial resources, China＇s financial system must be reformed to be endogenous in real economy, which means, expanding the financial options available to enterprises and households so that they can compete with financial institutions such as commercial banks in financial market. Corporate bonds, with their advantages in matching the supply and demand of funds, can play important role in cultivate the endogenous financial system com- bined with real economy.     

Education and sustainable development in Romania and the European Union countries

The sustainable development supposes a development strategy that would ensure the interdependence and complementarily of objectives from the social, economic and environmental fields. The degree of priority established for the three dimensions of sustainable development differs from one country to another, a fact that confers a national and local meaning to this issue. For the Central and Eastern European countries, balanced economic development represents one of the fundamental objectives of the reforms started in 1990. Education represents a priority of any country＇s economic development and an extremely important element of economic growth. This paper presents the characteristics of the Romanian educational system while achieving a comparative analysis regarding different countries of the European Union, both from a quantitative viewpoint （using the main indicators in the education field） and a qualitative viewpoint （using student performances in international evaluations）. In the end, we present some proposals for the improvement of the present state of the Romanian educational system.     

Socio-economic influences of population density

While population density represents an important socio-economic parameter, its role is rarely studied in the economic literature （contrary to natural sciences）. Population density plays an important role in harvesting societies, i.e. those that depend on agriculture and natural resources. With the development of industry and services and emergence of urban areas, population density becomes less economically important unless we consider aspects related to pollution. There exists a phase transition between rural and urban area which makes population density less important in urban area contrary to rural. However, the economic influence of population density in harvesting societies is also not straight forward. Too high population density decreases the natural endowment per capita, but eases the development of infrastructure, leading to existence of an optimal population density for economic growth. It also influences the demand for a monopolistic product, where too little density can lead to non-survival of a monopoly. Emergence of ethnic communities is based on more cooperative behavior in the case of low cultural and physical distances. At the same time, higher probability of large projects （like infrastructure） leads to development of cooperative behavior in the society. Elaboration along these lines leads to the conclusion that population density positively correlates with individualistic （non-cooperative, non-altruistic） behavior, through less time spent in cooperative infrastructure projects and higher frequency of meetings between individuals that with some probability lead to non-cooperative games.     

Variation of land use structure in Chuzhou City, China： 1996-2005

Nowadays the fast economic development has brought about serious conflicts between the limited land resources and the increasing land demand in Chuzhou City.The changes of land use structure also restrict economic development and society progress in this area.Because different cities have different functional localization,the city area and each county （city） have formed characteristic land utilization structure.It is of great significance to make rational use of land resources and ensure the sustainable use of land resources by analyzing the variation of land use structure in the city area and each county （city） in Chuzhou City.Based on the data of land use modification of Chuzhou City from 1996 to 2005 and adopting the quantitative analysis of landscape ecology,this paper studies quantitatively the temporal division of regional land use structure and its dynamic changes.The results indicate that： （1） this method can reveal the law of the variation; （2） the variation of land use structure in Chuzhou City： increasing diversification,evenness and heterogeneity; （3） the intensity of change in land use from 1996 to 2005 in the city appeared in the sequence： grass land〉traffic land〉garden land〉virgin land〉forest land〉industrial and residential land〉cultivated land〉other agricultural land〉water facility land; （4） there were remarkable differences between the city area and each county （city） in the relative change and the land use structure change from 1996 to 2005.This paper analyzes the variation of land use structure in Chuzhou City,and finally proposes related countermeasures and suggestions.     

论中国金融中介发展与经济增长关系——基于2000-2007年数据的实证分析

本文对中国2000年以来金融中介发展与经济增长之间的关系进行了实证研究。结果表明，金融中介规模的发展对经济发展的促进作用存在滞后性，并且中国存款货币银行在配置国内信贷过程中相对于中央银行的重要性和经济增长之间有显着的、很强的正相关关系，说明金融中介的不发达已成为制约中国经济增长的“瓶颈”，所以中国金融改革的重心应放在大力促进存款货币银行的发展上。     

金融发展与内生经济波动

开放经济中,金融发展在促进经济增长的同时,也把影响经济波动的国际因素传导到了国内。而这种负面影响在金融发展理论中却被忽略了,正因为如此,许多发展中国家出现了超越其经济发展水平的“过度金融发展”问题。金融深化可以促进金融市场发展和金融中介机构的发展,通过资产组合、财富效应、国际资本借贷把国外影响经济波动的效应传导至国内;另外,金融发展还可通过促进国际贸易的发展而传导外部影响。对样本国家进行分析的结果证实金融发展的确导致经济波动内生化。     

农村金融发展与农村经济增长——一个动态演化分析视角

农村金融发展对于农村经济增长具有重要的推动作用.运用1978-2010年的相关数据和时变参数模型估计方法,就我国农村金融发展与农村经济增长之间的动态关系进行探寻.首先,协整检验与误差修正模型的估计结果显示:无论是长期还是短期,农村金融发展规模对于农村经济增长具有正向促进作用,而农村金融中介效率却对农村经济增长起到了负向抑制作用.时变参数模型的估计结果则进一步发现:农村金融发展规模对农村经济增长的促进作用在整体上呈现弱化趋势,当前的正向作用机制比较微弱;而农村金融中介效率对农村经济增长的抑制作用经历了一个先减弱后增强的“倒V”型变化过程.     

中国金融发展对经济增长内在传导渠道研究——基于内生增长理论的实证比较

文章基于内生增长理论,结合中国经济增长的典型事例,确定了经济增长的影响因子,并将其与金融发展的指标变量建立回归模型组,探讨了金融发展对经济增长的内在传导机制。研究结果表明,资本存量、人力资本以及制度因素是中国金融发展与经济增长之间三条显著的传导渠道,资本积累是金融发展对中国经济增长最主要的传导渠道;技术进步并不是显著的传导渠道;同为金融发展作用于经济增长的传导主体,金融中介的作用明显要大于金融市场。     

对提高地方国库现金管理质量的思考

随着中央国库现金管理业务的不断开展，地方政府也开始试水现代国库现金管理。但由于起步比较晚，地方国库现金管理仍存在国库现金收益较低、质量不高等一系列问题。为进一步提高地方国库现金管理质量，在分析地方国库现金管理现状和必要性的基础上，引入介绍西方国家用于预测国库现金最佳持有量的Miller—Orr模型，并对下一步怎样提高地方国库现金管理质量提出建议。     

社会资本视角下的中国金融发展与经济增长关系——基于1997-2008年省际面板数据研究

本文分析了社会资本与金融发展对经济增长的资本积累和技术创新效应,并利用我国31个省（市）1997-2008的面板数据,对社会资本、金融发展与经济增长的关系进行了实证研究。结论表明：社会资本对我国经济增长具有明显的促进作用,而金融发展却阻碍了经济的发展,社会资本与金融发展的互动效应对经济增长起着推动作用。最后本文从政府应注重投资社会资本的角度提出了相关的政策建议。     

论中国特色社会主义金融发展与经济增长理论——中国金融发展与经济增长关系的政治经济学

中国特色社会主义金融发展与经济增长的伟大实践走过了一条不同于传统金融发展与经济增长理论所描述的经济和金融自由化之路。中国特色社会主义金融发展与经济增长理论的逻辑是,强调中国共产党对金融工作的领导,强调通过国有所有权来实施金融控制战略,通过金融控制来有效降低或阻隔金融市场上的"羊群效应"和"传染效应",从而最大限度地去解决金融监管始终滞后于金融创新带来的现实或潜在系统性风险难题,牢牢守住不发生系统性风险的底线。新时代中国特色社会主义金融发展与经济增长理论在持续深化。在进一步寻求金融控制程度和降低金融系统性风险之间的最佳组合上,在让金融回归服务于实体经济的本质属性上,在发展普惠金融弥补市场天生之不足、促进公平增长上,都取得了重大进展。中国特色社会主义金融发展与经济增长理论和实践有助于实现金融发展与经济增长之间的良性互动,是中国特色社会主义金融发展与经济增长关系的政治经济学。     

区域金融发展、财政支出与经济福利——基于省级动态面板数据的实证检验

笔者运用动态面板数据模型,基于21个省市的面板数据进行广义矩分析,考察区域金融发展及地方政府的财政支出与经济福利的关系.得到的结果是:区域金融发展对经济福利的影响较为微弱,财政支出有效地促进了区域内经济福利的提高,但是当地政府同时面临着“福利磁铁”的矛盾.在分省区研究中发现:不同的区域金融发展、财政支出对当地经济福利水平的影响具有较大的差异.     

农村金融发展对农村经济增长的作用机理——基于内生增长理论的实证研究

基于内生增长理论的农村金融发展作用于农村经济增长的主要机理是农村金融发展通过储蓄效应、投资效应和资源配置效应推动物质资本积累、人力资本积累和技术进步,以促进农村经济增长。实证研究表明,农村金融发展通过规模促进农村经济增长的渠道是有效的;农村金融发展通过提高效率促进农村经济增长的渠道是无效的,也即当前农村金融发展效率不能促进农村经济增长。     

Does financial intermediation matter for macroeconomic performance?

This paper investigates whether financial intermediary development influences macroeconomic technical efficiency on a sample of 47 countries, both developed and developing, over 1980–1995. We do so by applying Battese and Coelli (1995)'s method at the aggregate level. It is found that financial intermediary development, except financial depth, is on average associated with more efficiency. However we find strong evidence that this relationship is conditional on the level of economic development. The lower the economic development the weaker is the impact of financial development on efficiency. That impact can even become negative in the poorest countries.