新农村建设下的公共产品供给问题探讨

农村公共产品,是指相对于农民"私人产品"而言的具有非竞争性和排他性、用于满足农村公共需要的产品或服务,农村公共产品根据在消费过程中的不同性质,又可区分为纯公共产品和准公共产品。农村公共产品涉及农村公共设施、公共事业、公共福利、公共服务等各个领域,是建设社会主义新农村的关键所在。由于城乡二元结构和农业税取消等原因,致使农村公共产品供给不足,制约了新农村建设目标的实现。因此回顾农村公共产品供给制度的变迁,分析现阶段新农村建设下农村公共产品供给存在的主要问题,从而寻求缓解新农村建设下公共产品供给困境的具体路径具有了一定的现实意义。     

保险消费需求与青海保险市场关联性分析

保险消费需求与保险市场发展具有关联性。本文从保险市场外部环境变化、保险市场需求特征变化和保险市场供给三方面,探究当前影响保险消费者需求的因素,对保险消费需求与保险市场发展的关联性进行分析,在此基础上,基于有效提高消费者需求提出意见建议,以期对保险企业和监管部门提供有益的决策参考。     

准公共产品竞争性供给改革分析框架——兼论我国公共产品改革思路

准公共产品供给纵向一体化的政府垄断是公共产品供给的主要问题,问题的解决需依赖竞争性供给改革。对准公共产品竞争性供给改革可以按“两层分解,多元竞争”的思路进行:打破准公共产品供给高度纵向一体化的供给模式,将供给过程分解成不同的亚过程和环节;在不同的亚过程和环节开放进入、引进竞争者,形成多元竞争的供给模式。     

地方性公共产品理论与地方政府投资职能研究

地方性公共产品理论告诉我们,公共产品的受益具有空间层次性。按受益空间公共产品可为全国性的公共产品和地方性的共公产品。公共产品效用的不可分性、消费的非竞争性和受益的非排他性决定了公共产品必须由政府来提供。本文在详尽分析政府提供地方性公共产品不同模式效率差别的基础上,得出地方性公共产品提供的理想模式是地方政府供给为主,中央政府参与供应,进而界定了地方政府的投资范围是：提供地方性公共产品、对基础产业的投     

城乡居民消费结构升级的消费增长效应分析

"需求创造"理论从需求角度对经济增长的动力机制进行系统阐述。本文基于"需求创造"理论对我国城镇和农村居民消费结构升级的经济增长效应进行实证分析。在"需求创造"机制下,消费者的消费需求将引起消费支出比重变化,直接表现为消费结构逐步升级。实证研究结果表明,城乡居民消费结构不断升级,人民生活质量不断改善;医疗保健、交通通讯等消费支出增长速度大体上快于消费支出总额的增长速度,是消费增长驱动力;与城镇居民相比,农村居民消费结构升级速度加快,开始了新一轮的"追赶";城乡居民消费结构变动对消费增长具有显著的冲击效应和时变性影响。未来我国居民消费结构将迎来持续升级的黄金发展时期,对消费增长支撑作用也将不断加大。因此,采取进一步扩大内需、通过刺激居民消费来维持经济增长的政策是必要和有效的。     

金融服务供给侧结构性改革背景下信用卡异地投诉的思考与建议——基于权利保护的视角

本文以供给侧结构性改革作为研究背景,客观分析金融服务与供给侧结构性改革的关系,从信用卡异地维权视角探讨金融服务供给和金融消费者需求之间的深层次矛盾,从我国十二五期间信用卡发展的基本情况中分析发展趋势,以信用卡异地维权视角客观分析金融消费法律制度不健全、金融机构与金融消费者举证责任分配不均衡、维权成本偏高等方面存在的问题和现状,并从完善金融消费法律制度设计、金融消费举证责任分配以及构建"互联网+金融管理+金融消费"模式上等方面上进行了理论思考和实践探索。     

实现消费需求拉动经济增长的理想化修正

投资、出口、消费"三驾马车"一齐拉动经济增长,然而,我国则出现投资、出口热,消费冷的现象。为了达到消费需求拉动经济增长的有效目标,提出遵循消费国界、消费政策有效、消费者理性、供给市场充分的理想化条件,对现实实行培养适度超前消费习惯、提高消费能力、采取"保护贸易"、引入消费政策效果机制的修正。     

中国农村公共产品供给不足的实证分析

本文在对中国农村公共产品消费情况进行实证分析的基础上,结合农村公共产品的供给现状,剖析了农村公共产品供给不足的深层次原因,提出了从农民的实际需要出发,加大投入力度,构建以农民需求为导向的农村公共产品供给制度,确保农村公共产品的有效供给,促进农民增收及农村的全面发展。     

供给侧改革背景下金融消费需求行为调查与思考——以保山市为例

本文以供给侧结构性改革作为研究逻辑起点,从金融服务网点密度、金融服务满足率微观视角对比分析了欠发达地区金融服务所处的历史发展水平及地域差距,重点研究群体性消费习惯、消费特征和消费选择、金融服务供给与金融消费者现实需求之间的矛盾和差距,并在金融服务供给侧改革路径、民间借贷社会价值定位、金融服务需求与供给之间的互动与博弈等方面进行了有益探索。     

影响农村家电消费的原因及对策分析

农村是一个广阔的大市场,巨大的需求潜力亟待我们去开发。旨在扩大我国农村消费的＂家电下乡＂工作已在山东、河南和四川三省率先试点。影响农村家电消费需求的原因包括农民收入增长缓慢,公共产品不足,农村居民承受更大的通货膨胀压力,农村基础设施建设落后、消费环境不佳,农村流通网络残缺不全,供给结构不合理使农民消费受到限制等。为促进农村家电消费需求,必须切实增加农民可支配收入,增强农民购买力;加强农村基础设施建设,改善消费环境;进一步搞活流通,加快农村流通网络建设;深入农村市场调研,开发适应农村市场的产品。     

The Heterogeneous Responses of Consumption between Poor and Rich to Government Spending Shocks

Government spending shocks have substantially different effects on consumers across the income distribution: consumption increases for the poor whereas it decreases for the rich in response to a rise in government expenditure. I shed light on this issue by incorporating a progressive tax scheme and productive public expenditure into a heterogeneous agent model economy with indivisible labor. The model economy is able to successfully match aggregate and disaggregate effects of government spending shocks on consumption. When the government increases its spending and accompanies it by a rise in tax progressivity, the poor are employed and increase their consumption since after‐tax wage rates increase while the rich decrease their consumption because of a fall in after‐tax wage rates.     

融媒体时代农村广告关联型商品选择分析

本研究运用规范分析法,通过基本假设和模型分析研究福建农村消费者所表现出的消费偏好,明确内在的消费支出动态变化状况,分析对广告商品选择意愿产生直观影响的几个因素,有针对性地制定对农广告传播政策.结论显示,需要降低广告关联型消费品相对价格;通过制定相应的广告传播策略,使农村居民消费行为达到更为理想的状况.     

Tax Competition and International Public Goods

A well known result in the tax competition literature is that tax rates are set too low in the Nash equilibrium to finance an efficient level of public consumption goods. In this model we introduce international spillovers in public goods provision and show that such spillovers reduce, and in the limiting case of perfect spillovers, eliminate tax competition. There is, however, always underprovision of the public good in equilibrium, since larger spillovers increase the problem of free riding. In an extension to the model, we demonstrate that congestion costs may result in overprovision of the public good.     

Lean consumption

During the past 20 years, the real price of most consumer goods has fallen worldwide, the variety of goods and the range of sales channels offering them have continued to grow, and product quality has steadily improved. So why is consumption often so frustrating? It doesn't have to be--and shouldn't be--the authors say. They argue that it's time to apply lean thinking to the processes of consumption--to give consumers the full value they want from goods and services with the greatest efficiency and the least pain. Companies may think they save time and money by off-loading work to the consumer but, in fact, the opposite is true. By streamlining their systems for providing goods and services, and by making it easier for customers to buy and use those products and services, a growing number of companies are actually lowering costs while saving everyone time. In the process, these businesses are learning more about their customers, strengthening consumer loyalty, and attracting new customers who are defecting from less user-friendly competitors. The challenge lies with the retailers, service providers, manufacturers, and suppliers that are not used to looking at total cost from the standpoint of the consumer and even less accustomed to working with customers to optimize the consumption process. Lean consumption requires a fundamental shift in the way companies think about the relationship between provision and consumption, and the role their customers play in these processes. It also requires consumers to change the nature of their relationships with the companies they patronize. Lean production has clearly triumphed over similar obstacles in recent years to become the dominant global manufacturing model. Lean consumption, its logical companion, can't be far behind.     

Self‐Insurance and Self‐Protection as Public Goods

Many public goods provide utility by insuring against hazardous events. Those public goods can have self‐insurance and self‐protection character. For both situations we analyze the efficient public provision level and the provision level resulting from Nash behavior in a private provision game. We consider the interaction of public goods as insurance devices with market insurance. The availability of market insurance reduces the provision level of the public good for both public and private provision, regardless of whether we consider self‐insurance or self‐protection. Moreover, we show that Nash behavior has always a larger impact than the availability of market insurance.     

Consumption Taxation and Endogenous Growth in a Model with New Generations

This article studies the implications of consumption taxation on capital accumulation in a one-sector endogenous growth model with finite horizons. A tax on consumption, when tax revenues are lump-sum rebated to consumers, redistributes income between living generations and future, still unborn, generations, and therefore depresses aggregate consumption and raises saving, stimulating capital accumulation and economic growth. If however the resources from taxation are used for financing unproductive public spending, the effect of the consumption tax on the endogenous growth rate disappears as no intergenerational redistribution of income occurs. Finally, a consumption tax hike accompanied by a compensatory reduction of public debt increases long-run economic growth and reduces the consumption-output ratio. Our results on consumption taxation differ substantially from those obtained within the endogenous growth literature.     

Financial Reporting BY Local Government And The Disproportionate Requirements Of AAS 27

This paper discusses the economic characteristics, and related financial reporting issues, of goods and services provided by local government. These goods are grouped into three categories: public, private, and mixed public/private goods and services. Modified cash-based reports are found to be proper for government units that provide public and mixed goods, and accrual-based accounting is appropriate for units that provide private goods. When the provision of mixed goods and services by local government is not mandatory, the disclosure of the market value of the assets employed in producing these goods or services is also warranted.     

Shadow-Pricing Interpretation of the Pigovian Rule for the Optimal Provision of Public Goods: A Note

The Pigovian rule for the optimal public goods provision with distortionary taxation is given a new interpretation. It relates the Pigovian rule to project evaluation rules in terms of shadow prices. Our formula for the Pigovian rule is compared with that given by existing literature for cases in which commodity taxes are set optimally to articulate the implications of their results. This approach also renders a clear insight on the nature of resource allocation and income redistribution effect involved in the public goods provision in a heterogeneous-consumers economy.     

New development: The evolution of Welsh devolution

The reliance on consumer choice to drive improvements in public services is at the centre of policy debates in the UK and elsewhere. However, the discourse of consumerism occurs in the midst of a quagmire as to whether users of public services can legitimately be considered as customers, citizens or co-producers, while the existing evidence on how far they assume the role of public service consumers is largely ignored. This article discusses research on users' attitudes to choice in health, education and social services in the UK, the European Union and the USA. Provision of public services is rarely about acquiring products for pure consumption, but more about providers and users jointly addressing essential social and human needs. The author argues for an alternative conception of public service provision going beyond the limitations of consumerism, although some users are more likely to choose certain public services over others (for example schools rather than health services). However, the evidence presented disproves the view that users of public services will act as discerning consumers in the market-place.     

Rules and Levels in the Provision of Public Goods: The Role of Complementarities between the public Good and Taxed Commodities

This paper revisits the question of whether the second-best level of public good provision is lower than the first-best level in a standard model of public good provision with identical consumers. The role played by the complementarities between the public good and the private commodities is clarified. Furthermore, it is shown that the second-best level is indeed below the first-best level if the Hicksian demands for the taxed commodities are independent of the level of public good provision.