北京山区果园生态系统气体调节服务及其经济价值估算——以北京市平谷区果园为例

以北京市平谷区为例,针对果园生态系统的气体调节功能及其经济价值进行了评估,以期为果树产业的正确定位和健康发展提供依据。结果表明,果园生态系统每年平均固碳以及单位面积的年均固碳量分别为54 006.2 t、3.0t?hm-2;每年平均释放氧气量以及单位面积的年均释放氧气量分别为145 684.8 t、8.2 t?hm-2;年均固碳以及单位面积果园年均固碳的经济价值分别为334 232.5×104 CNY、18.8×104 CNY?hm-2;年均释放O2以及单位面积果园年均释放O2的经济价值分别为5797.4×104 CNY、3254.1 CNY?hm-2。     

天龙山国家森林公园生态服务功能经济评价

文章根据天龙山国家森林公园生态系统特征,运用生态经济学的理论方法,对该森林公园主要生态服务功能进行定量估算与简要评价,研究结果表明,天龙山国家森林公园每年生态服务功能总价值约69 220.336万元,其中生产有机物价值约为5 169.991万元,固定CO2价值7 054.285万元,释放O2价值为6 019.377万元;吸收SO2价值236.880万元,滞尘价值7 323.975万元;涵养水源价值约为303.310万元;土壤保持价值约为43 112.518万元。     

青海湖流域生态系统服务功能与价值评估

在中国生态系统服务价值基准单价的基础上,通过生物量等因子的订正,构建了青海湖流域的生态服务功能单价表,并在此基础上对青海湖流域的生态服务价值进行了评价。结果显示:青海湖流域2007年的生态系统服务功能总价值为340.88×108元。生态服务价值从大到小为:水体>草地>湿地>灌丛>农田>荒漠,其中,废物处理功能贡献最大,原材料生产功能贡献最小。研究对青海湖流域生态环境安全和区域可持续发展具有重要的理论指导和现实意义。     

基于土地利用变化的洱海流域生态系统服务价值评估与变化分析

基于土地利用数据,分析了2010—2015年洱海流域土地利用演变特征、生态系统服务价值变化特征以及人类活动对生态系统格局及服务价值变化的影响。结果表明:(1)洱海流域土地利用类型主要由生态用地向非生态用地转移,其中城镇扩张明显,而生态用地面积有所减少。(2)洱海流域主要生态系统服务类型为调节服务,生态系统服务总价值由2010年的656.03亿元增加至2015年的709.40亿元,增长率为8.14%。(3)洱海流域生态系统格局及服务价值变化主要驱动因素为生态建设工程、城镇扩张和农业开发等人类活动,其中对生态系统及其价值变化的正向影响(54.01%)大于负面影响(45.99%)。     

流域生态经济系统建设模式研究

针对生态经济系统建设中面临的主要问题,确立了商品型生态农业发展模式,研究了商品型生态农业模式的类型及其适应性,探讨了商品型生态农业的战略布局,分析了纸坊沟流域生态经济系统建设过程及发展趋势。     

跨流域调水水源地生态补偿测算与分配研究——以南水北调中线河南水源区为例

生态补偿量的确定和补偿的分配是生态补偿机制建立的重点和难点。从生态服务价值和生态建设成本出发,测算了南水北调中线河南水源区生态建设工程的外部生态补偿,探讨了受水区生态补偿分摊方案和水源区生态补偿分配方案和分配原则,为跨流域调水生态补偿提供参考。以生态服务价值为基础,结合实际状况进行适当修正,根据土地利用类型的改变,评估得到水土保持林建设工程实施后每年所增加的生态系统服务价值为3.54×105万元,引入生态价值发展阶段系数调整后的结果为1.12×105万元。根据不同区域生态系统服务功能受益不同,进行再次修正,可知水源地生态工程使水源地以外地区增加生态服务价值3.61×104万元。在考虑生态建设成本后,测算出水源地每年应得到外部生态补偿4.145×104万元。在此基础上,以受水区用水比例和经济发展水平为权重,探讨了受水区生态补偿分摊方案,以各生态建设区对生态服务价值的贡献比例为标准,探讨了水源区的生态补偿分配方案和分配原则。     

生态系统服务:能否形成一种新的产业?

对不同类型、不同尺度生态系统的服务功能进行的经济价值估算的结果表明，生态系统服务的经济价值是巨大的，如果将各种服务功能通过一定的形式“包装”成为可以在市场上销售的“商品”，那么这种具有巨大经济价值的特殊的“商品”将带来一种新的生态产业的发展。本文初步提出了生态系统服务形成生态产业的模式，并对其进行一定的阐述，以期为生态系统的可持续管理提供一种新的模式。     

鄂西北地区生态系统服务价值变化特征分析——以湖北省随县厉山镇为例

以随县厉山镇2009—2015年的土地利用变化数据为基础,基于修正后的生态系统服务价值当量,估算并分析了厉山镇生态系统服务价值及其变化特征。结果表明,研究期间厉山镇土地利用变化显著,其中:耕地面积减少486.80 hm~2,建设用地面积增加628.30 hm~2;土地利用结构的信息熵和均衡度呈上升趋势,优势度略有下降,土地利用结构更加合理;生态系统服务总价值由2009年的11.306 6亿元下降到2015年的11.097 0亿元,年变化率达-3.40%;单项生态服务功能价值持续下降,但气体调节、气候调节、水文调节、废物处理、保持土壤和维持生物多样性生态服务功能价值为9.258 8亿～9.433 8亿元,其价值总和约占生态服务功能总价值比例的83%;各种用地类型的生态系统服务价值的敏感性指数明显小于1,生态系统服务价值弹性不足,估算结果较为准确。能为鄂西北地区土地利用结构优化和乡村振兴战略的实施提供参考。     

生态系统服务价值下的新安江跨界生态补偿标准设计

论文讨论了跨界生态补偿由损害补偿向保护补偿转变的“反向补偿”机理,构建了基于生态系统服务价值的跨区域生态补偿理论框架。研究表明,理论上流域生态横向补偿标准设计应基于生态系统服务的供给、支持、调节、文化四大功能,同时兼顾区域生态共同体思维,利用支付意愿、支付能力两调节系数进一步确定补偿款项的转移额度。新安江补偿案例研究结果说明,生态系统服务价值核算的补偿标准在跨区域生态问题上能够有效弥补跨区域补偿力度不足的问题,厘清损害补偿如何向保护补偿演化的路径,促进地区间平衡发展,完善生态补偿经济学公平理论,并为政府制定全国统一的跨界生态补偿政策提供理论依据和经验数据。     

巢湖流域生态服务功能价值研究

生态服务功能是区域社会经济可持续发展的支撑和保障,本文运用Costanza等人的理论和方法,因地制宜地开展了巢湖流域生态服务功能的货币化研究。结果表明,2006年巢湖流域生态服务功能总价值为2 291.74亿元,为当年流域GDP(1 885.42亿元)的1.216倍。进而对巢湖流域生态服务功能价值的空间分布、不同生态类型服务功能的价值贡献以及流域生态服务功能的价值构成进行了分析,结果发现目前巢湖流域可持续发展的生态支撑不足,而治理富营养化是提升巢湖流域生态服务功能水平的关键。     

Integrating ecosystem services into conservation assessments: A review

A call has been made for conservation planners to include ecosystem services into their assessments of conservation priority areas. The need to develop an integrated approach to meeting different conservation objectives and a shift in focus towards human wellbeing are some of the motivations behind this call. There is currently no widely accepted approach to planning for ecosystem services. This study contributes towards the development of this approach through a review of conservation assessments and the extent to which they include ecosystem services. Of the 476 conservation assessments identified by a set of search terms on the Web of Science, 100 were randomly selected for this review. Of these only seven had included ecosystem services, while another 13 had referred to ecosystem services as a rationale for conservation without including them in the assessment. The majority of assessments were based on biodiversity pattern data while 19 used data on ecological processes. A total of 11 of these 19 assessments used processes, which could be linked to services. Ecosystem services have witnessed an increase in attention received in conservation assessments since the year 2000, however trends were not apparent beyond this date. In order to assess which types of ecosystem services and how they have been accounted for in conservation assessments, we extended our review to include an additional nine conservation assessments which included ecosystem services. The majority included cultural ecosystem services, followed by regulatory, provisioning and supporting services respectively. We conclude with an analysis of the constraints and opportunities for the integration of ecosystem services into conservation assessments and highlight the urgent need for an appropriate framework for planning for ecosystem services.     

Towards a consistent approach for ecosystem accounting

In spite of an increasing interest in environmental economic accounting, there is still very limited experience with the integration of ecosystem services and ecosystem capital in national accounts. This paper identifies four key methodological challenges in developing ecosystem accounts: the definition of ecosystem services in the context of accounting, their allocation to institutional sectors; the treatment of degradation and rehabilitation, and valuing ecosystem services consistent with SNA principles. We analyze the different perspectives taken on these challenges and present a number of proposals to deal with the challenges in developing ecosystem accounts. These proposals comprise several novel aspects, including (i) presenting an accounting approach that recognizes that most ecosystems are strongly influenced by people and that ecosystem services depend on natural processes as well as human ecosystem management; and, (ii) recording ecosystem services as either contributions of a private land owner or as generated by a sector ’Ecosystems’ depending on the type of ecosystem service. We also present a consistent approach for recording degradation, and for applying monetary valuation approaches in the context of accounting.     

动态能力理论视角下战略柔性对企业绩效的影响研究---差异化动态环境规制强度的调节效应

当前企业推进绿色转型进程、提升企业绩效,是实现高质量发展的重要途径。鉴于企业主动应对内外部因素联动影响的重要性,以动态能力理论视角,在探讨了企业变革发展驱动机制的基础上,尝试构建动态环境规制嵌入下的战略柔性与企业绩效的理论框架。分析并实证检验了战略柔性对企业绩效以及差异化强度的动态环境规制在二者关系中调节效应的作用机理和边界。研究结果显示,当前情境下,前瞻柔性、响应柔性对企业绩效均有显著的正向影响,且响应柔性的贡献度较高;两者交互效应亦能显著的正向影响企业绩效;表明企业对环境变化的预测、反应能力以及将两者协同配合是绿色转型发展的重要措施。一般强度的动态环境规制在前瞻柔性、响应柔性与企业绩效的关系中均不起显著的调节效应;高强度动态环境规制仅在响应柔性和企业绩效的关系中起显著负向调节效应;表明动态环境下,一般强度的政府规制政策对企业的决策和创新等行为更多的是无显著影响,充分尊重其自主发展;同时政府要根据环境变化,合理控制环境规制实施强度,谨防给企业应对环境冲击造成额外的负担。综合研究结果,提出企业加强多重柔性机制建设的力度和政府注重环境规制政策引导作用的策略,最终实现各利益相关者协同推进高质量发展的目标。     

污染密集型产业集群如何实现升级——基于产业活动类型与生态系统耦合模式匹配视角

如何践行习近平总书记提出的“绿水青山就是金山银山”生态发展理念，实现污染密集型产业集群绿色和可持续发展，已成为中国制造业必须破解的发展难题。引入生态系统理论，遵循物质生产方式决定社会生产方式逻辑，探究产业活动类型与生态系统耦合模式（自由耦合、固定耦合、约束耦合和自适应耦合）匹配对污染密集型产业集群升级的作用机理。选取绍兴纺织印染产业集群为研究对象，采用特征偏离分析和案例分析两种方法进行实证检验。结果表明，产业活动类型与生态系统耦合模式的合适匹配对污染密集型产业集群升级有积极影响；对于高不确定性、低共享性产业活动，生态系统宜采用自由耦合模式，对于低不确定性、高共享性产业活动，宜采用固定耦合模式，对于中不确定性、中共享性产业活动，宜采用约束耦合模式。     

Comparing land-use alternatives: Using the ecosystem services concept to define a multi-criteria decision analysis

In landscape planning, land-use types need to be compared including the ecosystem services they provide. With multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), ecological economics offers a useful tool for environmental questions but mostly case-specific criteria are applied. This, however, makes it difficult to compare findings. Therefore, we present a systematic framework that includes the ecosystem services as criteria into MCDA. The ecological quantification of the provided ecosystem services is combined with the assigned importance of the single ecosystem services. In a case study from the central Alps, we compared three land-use alternatives resulting from land-use change caused by socio-economic pressures: traditional larch (Larix decidua) meadow, spruce forest (abandonment) and intensive meadow (intensification).Criteria for the MCDA model were selected by experts, criteria importance was ranked by stakeholders and criteria values were assessed with qualitative and quantitative indicators. Eventually spruce forest was ranked as the best land-use alternative followed by traditional larch meadow and intensive meadow. The combined approach of MCDA using ecosystem services as criteria showed how criteria weightings and criteria indicator values influence land-use alternatives' performance. The MCDA-model visualizes the consequences of land-use change for ecosystem service provision, facilitating landscape planning by structuring environmental problems and providing data for decisions.     

基于“植物功能性状-生态系统服务”评价 框架的园林树种选择方法——以上海为例

园林树木的服务功能直接影响着城市绿地系统和城 市生态系统的健康与稳定。但是，多年以来，园林树种选择机 制和方法却缺少理论支撑，常常具有主观性和随意性。通过上 海50种园林树种“植物功能性状-生态系统服务”评价框架的 构建和17个性状变量因子分析发现，树种功能性状与生态系统 服务之间存在一定的关联性。在形态上，树高决定了树木形态 和树冠大小，对小气候调节、径流调蓄、空气净化和消声减噪 等调节服务具有不同程度的贡献。叶片性状影响固碳释氧，以 及养分供给等生态系统过程，并最终反馈在树种种间服务差异 上。树种的文化服务直接与人类偏好相关，具有复杂性和特殊 性，需要根据实际需求做出权衡与取舍。“植物功能性状-生 态系统服务”评价框架为园林树种的选择和树种规划提供了一 种客观理性的方法，便于针对不同的生态系统服务提供相应的 树种选择依据，以实现城市绿地综合效益的定量化与最优化     

An indicator-based integrated assessment of ecosystem change and human-well-being: Selected case studies from Indonesia, China and Japan

The paper highlights the findings of a study from selected ecosystems in Indonesia, China and Japan. The study sought to trace changes to productive resources of ecosystems over a period of 50 years; and trace the dependence of well-being of local populations on the ecosystems for the same time period. Data was collected from land-use maps, records and participatory rapid/rural appraisal (PRA) surveys in multistakeholder forums. To illustrate the changes, an indicator-based assessment framework was developed that integrates data from biophysical and socio-economic parameters. We observed that the approach (1) provides a better representation of the preferences of different stakeholders of ecosystem services, (2) fosters validation of data between the different stakeholders and (3) enables a communication and planning process among the stakeholders to sustainably utilize and manage their ecosystems. The use of spatial maps validates the relevance and utility of diachronic observations of communities and other stakeholders directly dependent on ecosystems. At the same time, they can be used to strengthen local planning processes for the development of services in the ecosystem. Such research thereby also acts as a catalyst to a social process of coordinated action to address local issues of global relevance.     

辽东湾、渤海湾、莱州湾三湾生态系统服务价值评估

海洋生态系统服务价值对海洋资源开发和海洋综合管理具有重要的意义。研究应用联合国千年生态系统评估框架,构建了食品生产、原料生产、基因资源、氧气生产和气候调节、废弃物处理、生物控制、休闲娱乐、科研文化、初级生产以及物种多样性维持等10项服务价值的评估方法。对辽东湾、渤海湾和莱州湾进行了上述10项生态系统服务价值的评估,结果表明,三个海湾服务功能的总价值量为1 485.11×108元,单位面积价值为4.52元/(m2 a)。其中,辽东湾价值量最大,占三个海湾总价值量的56.7%,其次是莱州湾,占总价值量的23.3%,渤海湾最小,占总价值量的20%。各项服务中,食品生产的价值量最大,占总价值量的71.0%。食品生产、氧气生产和气候调节、初级生产这三项服务价值之间表现出显著相关性,主要是由于三项服务有着共同的初级生产者。研究结果可为相关管理部门制定生态补偿政策提供理论依据。     

Misaligned Expectations and Non-Cooperative Behavior in Indian Microfinance: Evidence from a Survey

This study examined the causalities of non-performance of self-help groups (SHGs) in the context of polarised institutional expectations in the microfinance ecosystem in India. Institutional approach and stakeholder approach were followed for the investigation. Focus group discussions (FGDs) and semi-structured interviews (SIs) were conducted to collect data from various institutional stakeholders. It was found that the institutional expectations of each institution from other institutions in the microfinance ecosystem were polarized, misaligned and were antagonistic in nature. Institutional behaviours were governed by their expectations from the microfinance ecosystem. Therefore, the polarized and antagonistic expectations created non-cooperative behaviours and attitudes in the key institutions, which further created a weak performance of the microfinance programs.     

基于能值分析的土地可持续利用态势研究

本文应用能值分析的理论和方法，构建了基于能值的标定土地可持续利用态势的若干指数，如土地利用总能值投入产出比，土地利用工业能能值投入产出比，土地利用环境负载指数以及土地可持续利用指数。作为案例研究，作者利用上述指数对1978－1999年中车农业土地的可持续性进行判定。结果表明，尽管粮食产量或农业产值等经济指标为土地利用总能值投入产出比和工业能能值投入产出指数前期剧烈下降，后期趋于平缓；土地利用环境负载指数持续上升的态势说明，中国农用土地的环境压力逐渐增大，土地可持续利用指数在前期呈现上升趋势，至1985的达到最高，此后呈持续下降态势，近年趋于稳定。这表明，由过度使用化石能量引起的环境负面效应对农用土地生态系统的压力不断增大，若不遏制这种发展势头，中国农用土地生态系统的可持续性将得不到延存。