论工程造价管理中甲供材料全过程管理

甲供材料是影响工程造价和质量的重要因素,本文对甲供材料从采购到工程结算的全过程进行分析,提出了管理甲供材料的方法。     

谈甲供材料计价及竣工结算方法

由于甲供材料在工程材料中占有较大比重,因此业主控制甲供材料的供应数量及价格,在工程竣工结算工作中便显得特别重要。本文分析了业主和承包商在价格控制、计价、结算等过程中对甲供材料结算方法选择的不合理之处,并提出了解决方法,以期为合理确定工程造价提供借鉴。     

谈甲供材料计价及竣工结算方法

由于甲供材料在工程材料中占有较大比重,因此业主控制甲供材料的供应数量及价格,在工程竣工结算工作中便显得特别重要。本文分析了业主和承包商在价格控制、计价、结算等过程中对甲供材料结算方法选择的不合理之处,并提出了解决方法,以期为合理确定工程造价提供借鉴。     

工程结算中工程量审计要点与方法

建设工程结算是建设单位与施工单位进行价款结算的依据,是建设项目造价的基础。由于建设项目自身的独特性决定了工程结算审计工作审计周期长、审计内容多且审计方法复杂、审计范围广泛及审计要求较高等一系列特征。工程结算审计主要包括工程量的计算、相应工程定额单价的套用、单价的换算、工程费用的计取以及工程材料分析、材料差价调整等几个方面。随着各种计算机工程软件的广泛应用,除工程量的计算外,其他几项利用工程软件进行审计复核、分析非常简单、高效。由于设计的规范性以及设计与施工的差别等诸多因素利用计算机工程软件进行工程量的计算比较繁琐,可操作性差,所以在工程结算审计中如何高效、准确搞好工程量的审计是工程技术审计人员需要探讨的话题。笔者对工程量的审计,作一总结,供同行探讨。     

建筑业“甲供材”营业税征管思考

甲供材征收营业税的政策依据与征管现状现行政策对甲供材征收营业税的规定。甲供材建筑工程,是指由建设单位提供原材料,施工单位提供建筑劳务的工程。产生的原因是甲方从材料质量和成本效益角度出发,防止建筑单位乙方在材料上做文章,担心不能确保建筑材料质量,影响住房和自身的声誉。根据建筑施工单位的实际经     

公路建设项目甲供材料的管理及核算

甲供材料是工程建设领域普遍存在的材料供应管理模式，对投资人控制工程造价和工程质量起到了重要的作用。在公路工程建设中，投资人也广泛采用甲供材料的方式管理工程，甲供材料不仅贯穿于公路工程建设的主要环节，‘在公路建设投资规模居高不下的背景下，甲供材料总供应规模在公路工程投资中也占有一定的比重，运用好甲供材料模式，对公路工程建设有着重要的意义。     

建立健全内控制度 加强甲供材料管理

建设单位出于控制工程质量和造价或所选择材料的特殊性的考虑,常选择部分主材甲供,在施工合同中,明确部分主要材料由甲方统一采购,材料价款按合同约定的价格结算。甲供材料管理是业主(甲方)和施工单位(乙方)之间材料(含设备)供应和核算的一种管理方法。由于甲供材料的提供与使用存在双重性,因此,加强甲供材料在建设过程中的管理显得尤为重要。     

建立健全内控制度 加强甲供材料管理

建设单位出于控制工程质量和造价或所选择材料的特殊性的考虑,常选择部分主材甲供,在施工合同中,明确部分主要材料由甲方统一采购,材料价款按合同约定的价格结算。＂甲供材料＂管理是业主（甲方）和施工单位（乙方）之间材料（含设备）供应和核算的一种管理方法。由于甲供材料的提供与使用存在双重性,因此,加强甲供材料在建设过程中的管理显得尤为重要。     

利用甲供材料逃避建筑营业税的问题不容忽视

为了确保工程质量和节约资金，现在有很多建设单位在进行工程建设时，由自己购买主要材料，即所谓的甲供材料。一、利用甲供材料逃避建筑营业税１、建设单位逃避建筑营业税。建筑营业税表面上由施工单位缴纳，但由于建筑营业税需列入工程造价，所以实际上还是由建设单位支出。建设单位为了达到不支出甲供材料的建筑营业税的目的，将甲供材料不列入施工单位工程造价或施工合同中，直接凭材料发票在财务上列“在建工程”科目。假如某工程有３００万元是甲供材料，则国家有３００万元×３．４１３％＝１０．２４万元建筑营业税流失。３．４１３…     

改进建筑规费管理的思路

一、进一步完善政府投资项目建筑规费征收和管理制度。政府投资项目建筑规费的计取标准主要由行业主管部门（涉及建设、交通、水利、通信、电力、铁路等部门）制定。审计表明．由于各部门制定的标准不一致、计取基数和计费程序不一致．造成个别部门的工程结算中不能明确显示规费的结算额（建设系统和交通系统的计价软件中可以明确显示规费结算额。     

Development in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Statistics at the Australian Bureau of Statistics

This paper outlines the ICT statistical developments that the ABS has undertaken over recent years. These developments have been on both the supply side (ICT industry) and the demand side (use of IT by sector). The content of ABS ICT surveys has changed significantly over the last few years and are expected to develop further in line with industry changes and emerging policy needs.
Recent developments in household collections have been the inclusion of IT use questions in the 2001 Census of Population and Housing and in various ABS social surveys such as Children's Participation in Culture and Leisure Activities. Annual business IT use surveys are now conducted and include topics such as Internet commerce and IT security. Biennial ICT industry surveys are conducted to provide data on ICT production, imports and exports, ICT industry employment, performance and structure information. An Internet activity survey is run every six months and provides regional Internet access details and infrastructure details on Internet service providers.
A major development for 2002–03 will be the compilation of an ICT satellite account. ABS intends to produce an ICT Information Development Plan to guide its future statistical development work in the ICT field.     

Value at Risk in the Suburbs: Eminent Domain and the Geographical Politics of the US Foreclosure Crisis

Several US counties and local governments have recently considered a novel solution to the foreclosure crisis. They plan to use eminent domain to compel the owners of mortgage debt—and specifically of private‐label mortgage‐backed securities—to sell the debt to the government at a price reflecting the loan's market value. The government would then restructure the debt and resell it to new investors. The plans are striking because—in contrast to both development‐driven eminent domain and the federal subprime bank bailout—they would force investors to assume asset devaluation and increased long‐term risk. Notably, the plans have emerged as an instance of financialization‐focused politics in suburbs and suburban cities of color, specifically majority‐black and ‐Latino/a suburbs. Local support for the plans, we argue, is rooted in the long‐term disinvestment of these ‘suburbs of exception', which became targets of subprime lending and eventually sites where the ‘financial exception' has been localized. But these demographic shifts, fragmentation and fiscal pressures have at the same time created a suburban political terrain in which the plans have gained their strongest political support.     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Towards a Theory of Serendipity: A Systematic Review and Conceptualization

Serendipity – the notion of making surprising and valuable discoveries – plays a major role in the success of individuals and organizations alike. Previous research has established the importance of serendipity and identified important individual- and organizational-level antecedents. However, the literature has been dispersed and the boundaries of the concept have been blurry, leading to a lack of conceptual clarity and structure, and thus limiting validity and managerial actionability. Based on a systematic literature review, I synthesize existing management-related research on serendipity and explicate the emergence and composition of serendipity in the organizational context. I first identify three necessary conditions that differentiate serendipity from related concepts such as luck or targeted innovation: agency, surprise, and value. Then, I draw from the literature on sensemaking, event-based theorizing, and quantum-based approaches to management to conceptualize the process of cultivating serendipity in the organizational context as a process of enabling potentiality and materialization, and develop a multi-level theory of (cultivating) serendipity. This conceptualization contributes to our collective understanding of how, why, and when (i.e., under what conditions) organizations can leverage the value in the unexpected, which opens up fruitful avenues for further research.     

Accountability of NGOs in Bangladesh A critical overview

NGOs in Bangladesh have been recognized as effective change agents in the socio-economic arena throughout the world. Their contributions in micro credit, non-formal education and primary health care are widely known. NGOs play a significant role in society. NGO accountability, as a result, has become a critical issue. NGO accountability in Bangladesh has been examined here in relation to patrons, clients and themselves. Of the three relationships only accountability to patrons is in a near satisfactory state. Accountability to clients is handicapped by lack of opportunities of beneficiaries to participate meaningfully in NGO policy making. Accountability to themselves is adversely affected due to the adherence to a strictly hierarchical system and the influence of founding and charismatic NGO leaders.     

Towards an Asian model of human resource management? A comparative analysis of China,Japan and South Korea

There has been much discussion regarding the possible decline and weakening of national systems of human resource management (HRM). Yet, culture and institutions are often cited as the major stumbling blocks to this outcome. Such constraints may dissipate in the analysis, particularly if ‘regional clusters’ are considered where geographic and cultural closeness and ‘openness’ to similar economic pressures exist. In such cases, it might be postulated that convergence in HRM will occur. We argue that China, Japan and South Korea represent such a cluster. This article examines these countries, to see if a degree of convergence is taking place and if it is towards an identifiable ‘Asian’ model of HRM. A model of change is presented that distinguishes between levels of occurrence and acceptance. Details of the development and practice of HRM in each country are then set out. The article ends with a discussion and implications section and a brief conclusion.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

Multinomial distributions applied to random sampling of particulate materials

When sampling a batch consisting of particulate material, the distribution of a sample estimator can be characterized using knowledge about the sample drawing process. With Bernoulli sampling, the number of particles in the sample is binomially distributed. Because this is rarely realized in practice, we propose a sampling design in which the possible samples have a nearly equal mass. Expected values and variances of the sample estimator are calculated. It is shown that the sample estimator becomes identical to the Horvitz–Thompson estimator in the case of a large batch-to-sample mass ratio and a large sample mass. Simulations and experiments were performed to test the theory. Simulations confirm that the round-off error due to the discrete nature of particles is negligible for large sample sizes. Sampling experiments were carried out with a mixture of PolyPropylene (PP) and PolyTetraFluorEthylene (PTFE) spheres suspended in a viscous medium. The measured and theoretical variations are in good agreement.