会计实验研究对额外变量的控制

实验研究是对相关会计行为进行研究的主要方法之一.通过对变量之间因果关系的揭示,能够充分说明会计行为、会计判断的内在规律.但在研究中,不仅存在着可由实验者控制的能够对被试反应产生影响的变量,还有一些不用于研究目的却也会对被试反应产生影响的变量,即为额外变量,需要对其进行消除或控制.可以认为,会计实验研究的成败与研究者对额外变量的控制效果密切相关.本文通过对会计实验研究中额外变量的不同控制方法进行分析和说明,使实验研究者可以明确如何在会计相关研究中对额外变量进行有效控制,进而有效提高实验的效度.     

Protecting agricultural accounting in the UK

This paper examines a particular accounting practice prevalent in the UK agriculture industry and reveals the ‘canopy of legitimations’ that appears to protect the practice and make it highly resistant to change. Agricultural gross margin accounting was innovated through Government sponsored agricultural extension programmes in the post-war period in Britain. The practice is not maintained primarily by farmers but rather by actors within Government agencies and agricultural service industries (including management consultants). New Institutionalism in Sociology (NIS) is used as a theoretical framework, and extended to consider the concept of legitimation as a reflexive process. Although the context is specifically UK agriculture, the theme of the protection of accounting methods by Government and other advisors is of more universal interest. The paper adds to the very few studies in the accounting literature that consider the agriculture and food industries.     

Do firms follow GAAP when they record share repurchases?

This paper examines U.S. firms' accounting for share repurchases and the accounting choice provided to Delaware-incorporated firms between the treasury and retirement methods. This accounting choice does not affect income, cash flows, or net assets, but it nevertheless affects financial reporting transparency and the allocation of equity between retained earnings and contributed capital. According to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), the accounting choice to record share repurchases should reflect management's intended disposition of the repurchased shares. We compare characteristics of Delaware-incorporated treasury and retirement firms and find that the choice between the two accounting methods is not always consistent with GAAP, but neither is it random; rather, this choice is related to a number of firm characteristics including firm growth, industry membership, trading exchange, and price–earnings ratio. We also find that a firm's accounting method for share repurchases is associated with a firm's propensity to make future share repurchases.     

中外会计信息质量特征比较与借鉴

会计信息从某种意义上讲是一种"商品"。对会计信息有用性的要求是通过会计信息质量来实现的。世界许多国家和国际组织都以不同形式对会计信息质量特征做出规定。我国应建立财务会计概念框架体系,并制定以"受托责任观"为核心的信息质量特征体系,将可靠性作为最重要的质量要求。     

Soldiers don't go mad: Shell shock and accounting intransigence in the British Army 1914-18

This research examines intransigence in accounting systems. Using historical research methods and archival sources, it explores intransigence in the Royal Army Medical Corps’ accounting systems in the context of the incidence of shell shock among British Army soldiers fighting at the battlefront during the First World War. The Army did not recognise shell shock as a medical condition and made few changes to its medical accounting systems for soldiers with shell shock. The four factors of system stability of the AGIL scheme (adaptation, goal attainment, integration, latency) are used to understand the limited medical accounting response to shell shock. This research indicates that in addition to historical and internal political reasons for intransigence, intransigence will occur unless a factor in the AGIL scheme is sufficiently impaired to make the accounting system unstable and force system change. This research finding has contemporary relevance, explaining accounting intransigence in response to issues of social concern.     

Empirical evaluation of accounting programs: a proposed factor-analytic approach

In the context of recommending and implementing change in accounting education, the role played by the evaluation of accounting programs cannot be ignored. In fact, program evaluation and continuous improvement are also a critical accreditation requirement of the AACSB. While accounting curriculum reviews, standardized examinations, portfolio analysis, student surveys, alumni surveys, employer\recruiter surveys, and interviews, discussions and observations are important, they are not the only means of evaluating accounting programs. The objective of this paper is to propose and illustrate the factor-analytic approach as an addition to the existing arsenal of evaluation methods. This approach, which uses examination results, can add a new, objective and empirical dimension and make the evaluation more comprehensive. This paper explains the rationale for and presents the proposed factor-analytic approach to evaluating accounting programs. It also illustrates the application of the proposed approach via a Singapore case study. Finally, limitations of the proposed factor-analytic approach to evaluating accounting programs are discussed, with suggestions for future research.     

金融危机引发的对公允价值与历史成本的思考

世界金融危机使得公允价值会计准则备受关注,损失惨重的金融界认为公允价值加剧金融危机,要求修改公允价值会计准则。因此,本文对公允价值和历史成本进行深入思考,认为公允价值计量更符合决策有用观和金融创新的需要,有利于企业的资本保全,能更真实地反映企业的经营成果,但一定程度上缺乏可靠性和可操作性。历史成本计量模式具有较强的可靠性、客观性和可验证性,但是知识经济和信息时代的到来使得历史成本适用的环境不断发生改变,缺乏相关性是其面临的最大挑战。从经济发展的特定环境来看,在相当长的时期内,我国应该仍然以历史成本作为基本的会计信息,结合补充公允价值的信息,多种计量属性并存将是未来财务报告的发展趋势。     

论成本管理会计技术在政府的应用

成本会计技术是汇总、计算、分析和解释各种成本的方法,一般包括分批法和分步法、标准成本法和作业成本法等。在新公共管理背景下,政府更加强调成本和绩效,为政府借鉴企业成本会计技术提供了必要和可能,但由于政府的非营利性,应对其进行适当的调整。     

中国会计研究发展:基于改革开放三十年视角

本文目的在于对改革开放三十年来的中国会计研究,做一综合认识和评价。以会计信息有用性为视角,文章分析了我国会计研究发展和演进的趋势及其影响因素,从总体上反映出了与国际接轨的研究特征。在历经初始起步、深入发展和创新发展的不同阶段,我国会计研究取得的丰硕研究成果令人瞩目,其学术影响力和国际地位日益凸显,可以说对国际会计学术研究做出了重要贡献。     

Reform Lessons From Investigative Journalism. Review Essay of ‘Beancounters’ by Richard Brooks

In 2021, the work of investigative journalists ICIJ and the accountants-founded global NGO Tax Justice Network had been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. This article reviews a recent bestselling research book by a multi-award-winning Private Eye investigative journalist: ‘Beancounters’ by Richard Brooks. Despite being a significant influence on global accounting practice, the culture, politics, services and practices of the Big 4 firms have hardly received serious forensic scrutiny by accounting academics. This paper discusses the methods, motives and breakthroughs of investigative journalists and how these can help advance our research and teaching in accounting. Their scoops and narratives can certainly make the classroom very interesting. Freed from the need to ‘prove’ scientific credibility and appease academic peer-review, investigative journalists can provide us with new concepts, linkages, data and evidence which we would not otherwise have seen. They force us to step out of our disciplinary boundaries and raise disturbing questions about our academic leadership, pedagogy, moral purpose and strategic direction. We provide suggestions for renewed academic courage, research and education reform in both accounting and finance and how the disciplines can be made more ethical, relevant and impactful.     

Impact of Automation on Cost Accounting

Although production methods have been highly developed and now make use of very advanced technologies, management accounting systems have lagged behind. Before introducing new cost accounting systems, however, it is necessary to have a clear view of practice. The empirical results described in this paper constitute the output of a large scale research project into manufacturing companies located in Belgium. Extensive data on cost accounting systems were gathered through the use of a questionnaire. There is an indication that technological change has an impact on both cost composition and cost structure. The widespread hypothesis that the proportion of direct labour cost within total costs is lower in companies with automated production process is confirmed. As to the traceability of costs, there is a shift from indirect costs towards direct costs in companies with automated production. However, it appears that only a few companies are concerned about the efficiency of their cost calculation on a permanent basis. Moreover, no differences could be detected in the use of cost accounting in decision making between companies with automated production and those with mechanical production.     

关于政府会计监管的再思考

政府会计监管产生的主要动因在于市场失灵,但与此对应的则是政府失灵,后者导致了监管成本膨胀以及对市场竞争条件的破坏。由此引发了对政府会计监管的再度思考———怎样使政府会计监管更加富于效率和效果?本文认为,转变监管理念,实现行政处罚让位于法律约束是根本途径;而法律约束发挥作用的基础则在于信誉机制,不仅包括管理层和独立审计信誉机制,也包括政府会计监管本身的信誉。     

Comparing Alternative Hedge Accounting Standards: Shareholders' Perspective

We study the economic consequences of alternative hedge accounting rules in terms of managerial hedging decisions and wealth effects for shareholders. The rules we consider include the fair-value and cash-flow hedge accounting methods prescribed by the recent SFAS No. 133. We illustrate that the accounting method used influences the manager's hedge decision. We show that under no-hedge accounting, the hedge choice is different from the optimal economic hedge the firm would make under symmetric and public information. However, under a certain definition of fair-value hedge accounting, the hedging decision preserves the optimal economic hedge. We then demonstrate that long-term and future shareholders prefer a certain definition of fair-value hedge accounting to no-hedge accounting, while short-term shareholders prefer either approach depending on risk preferences and the level of uncertainty. We speculate about circumstances in which a manager would choose not to adopt fair-value hedge accounting when he has the option not to do so.     

论会计教学中的思维教学法

会计专业本科教学的核心目标是让学生掌握专业技能,利用技能解决实际的问题,强调的是知识应用能力。但是在现有的教学方式下,学生学到的只是惰性知识,学习迁移能力差。解决的出路是,在现有教学方法中加强对学生思维模式的培养。思维教学法是帮助学生克服知识应用与学习迁移问题的有用工具。     

中小企业内部会计控制对策

本文以我国中小企业内部会计控制的相关理论、概述为出发点,对中小企业实施内部会计控制重要性,内部会计控制中存在的问题以及如何改善内部会计控制度提出一些对策.加强企业内部控制,进而有效的提升企业会计控制力度,只要各中小企业重视内部会计控制制度建设,按照有效的内部控制制度不断对其进行约束和评价,分析原因,总结经验,结合自身特点来开展工作,将会计控制切实的放在企业控制中,相信各中小企业会取得更好的成绩,从而为我国的经济建设做出巨大的贡献.     

会计准则能提高会计信息质量吗——来自中国股市的初步证据

本文提出了一个关于会计信息质量影响因素的分析框架。按照该框架 ,会计信息质量受外部机会、会计准则、法律风险等因素的共同影响 ,并认为会计准则在其中的影响要低于法律风险。在此基础上 ,作者讨论了我国近年来相应制度环境的变化 ,认为法律风险缺失导致会计准则的改进并不能很好地反映到会计信息质量上来。 1995～ 2 0 0 2年我国资本市场的经验证据支持这种推测。     

财务会计：基于价值还是基于交易

企业是一个契约的组合,契约达成的条件之一是具有可验证的变量,财务会计信息因基于过去的交易和复式簿记方法而区别于其他信息,成为可以验证的信息,会计政策因此成为契约的一个组成部分。企业战略面向未来,体现为契约或契约变更,战略是管理层向投资者承诺的重要内容,也是投资者和分析师估计企业未来业绩的重要因素,战略的恰当性以及战略的实施效果需要用过去已经发生的事实来验证,会计信息是履行契约的结果,因此,财务会计是一个验证战略恰当性的系统。盈余意外证明了财务会计信息的验证作用,投资者根据对企业未来现金流量的估计对股票进行估价,会计信息通过证实原来的估计向投资者传递管理层履行战略的能力,也传递分析师的专业能力。因此,基于交易的财务会计在市场上的作用是验证过去,而不是面向未来,尽管历史成本会计信息也可以用于估价。     

Financial accounting choice and earnings management

This paper presents a case that exposes students in graduate accounting or MBA financial accounting classes to the concepts of accounting choice and earnings management. In the case, students role-play as a manager who, facing conflicting incentives, must make and defend three expense estimates for a hypothetical company. Students also read selected business press articles that introduce earnings management and that highlight the importance of the issue to the business community. The articles give students some background from which to approach the choices they will make with respect to the financial statements.     

Financial accounting choice and earnings management

This paper presents a case that exposes students in graduate accounting or MBA financial accounting classes to the concepts of accounting choice and earnings management. In the case, students role-play as a manager who, facing conflicting incentives, must make and defend three expense estimates for a hypothetical company. Students also read selected business press articles that introduce earnings management and that highlight the importance of the issue to the business community. The articles give students some background from which to approach the choices they will make with respect to the financial statements.