Criteria for Justice

A bstract . Six different but common criteria for describing the meaning of distributive justice are examined. The six are (1) to each the same thing; (2) to each according to his or her merit or achievement; (3) to each according to his or her work or contribution; (4) to each according to his or her need or requirements; (5) to each according to his or her status or position; and (6) to each according to his or her contract or agreements. An attempt is made to show how these six can be viewed compatibly and how all support the right of equal access to land and the duty to pay to the community which created it the full economic rent on the site .     

Relative Value Relevance of Alternative Accounting Treatments for Unrealized Gains: Implications for the IASB

We investigate the relative value relevance of the alternative accounting methods for unrealized gains on investment properties in New Zealand (NZ). Using both the Likelihood‐ratio test and the F‐test, we find that, while preferred by the NZ standard setter, recognition of unrealized gains in the income statement is not superior to (or significantly different from) recognition of unrealized gains in revaluation reserve in terms of their value relevance. The results are robust to the different research methods we used. Our results have implications for the International Accounting Standards Board in terms of: (i) recognizing changes in fair values of investment properties in the income statement under the revised IAS 40: Investment Property in countries where “realization” refers to net income available for distribution; (ii) its intent to issue a standard on a single statement of comprehensive income; and (iii) its initiative to reduce or eliminate alternative accounting treatments for similar fact situations in its standards.     

Asymptotic properties of minimum contrast estimators for parameters of boolean models

Summary This paper presents a method for the estimation of parameters of random closed sets (racs’s) in ℝ ^d based on a single realization within a (large) convex sampling window. The essential idea first applied by Diggle (1981) in a special case consists in defining the estimation by minimizing a suitably defined distance (called contrast function) between the true and the empirical contact distribution function of the racs under consideration, where the most relevant case of Boolean models is discussed in details. The resulting estimates are shown to be strongly consistent (if the racs is ergodic) and asymptotically normal (if the racs is Boolean) when the sampling window expands unboundedly.     

Fundraising for regional environmental issues: Public perceptions of who is financially responsible for the local environment

Environmental nonprofit organizations attract less than 5 % of total philanthropic giving. Given the seriousness of the environmental challenges facing the globe, it is imperative to identify barriers to and best practices in soliciting environmental giving. Past studies have identified the difficulty in soliciting funding for macro-level environmental concerns or for concerns considered to be public goods; however, little research has been conducted about giving to regional environmental concerns. Our research questions were as follows: (a) from what type of sources do residents believe environmental protection for regional environmental concerns should be funded?; (b) how willing are residents to contribute financially to regional environmental concerns?; and (c) to what extent do residents trust nonprofit organizations to address regional environmental concerns? We surveyed Florida residents (n = 548) about the conservation of the Ocklawaha River and the breaching of the Rodman Reservoir, an area with pressing environmental concerns and heavily frequented for economic and recreational use. Findings suggest that (a) participants believe government agencies, not nonprofits, should fund restoration projects, (b) participants trust nonprofits more than government to accomplish restoration goals, and (c) participants are more interested in contributing via taxes than via donations. Considerations for fundraising are discussed.     

Necessary and sufficient conditions for consistency of generalizedM-estimates

GeneralizedM-estimates (minimum contrast estimates) and their asymptotically equivalent approximate versions are considered. A relatively simple condition is found which is equivalent with consistency of all approximateM-estimates under wide assumptions about the model. This condition is applied in several directions. (i) A more easily verifiable condition equivalent with consistency of all approximateM-estimates is derived and illustrated on models with stationary and ergodic observations. (ii) A condition sufficient for inconsistency of all approximateM-estimates is obtained and illustrated on models with i.i.d. observations. (iii) A simple necessary and sufficient condition for consistency of all approximateM-estimates in linear regression with i.i.d. errors is found. This condition is weaker than sufficient conditions for consistency ofM-estimators known from the literature. A linear regression example is presented where theM-estimate is consistent and an approximateM-estimate is incosistent.Supported by CSAS grant N. 17503.     

Approximations for densities of sufficient estimators

A simple method of obtaining asymptotic expansions for the densities of sufficient estimators is described. It is an extension of the one developed by O. Barndorff-Nielsen and D.R. Cox (1979) for exponential families. A series expansion in powers of n^?1 is derived of which the first term has an error of order n^?1 which can effectively be reduced to $\text{n}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>-</mtext><mtext>?3</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}$ by renormalization. The results obtained are similar to those given by H.E. Daniels's (1954) saddlepoint method but the derivations are simpler. A brief treatment of approximations to conditional densities is given. Theorems are proved which extend the validity of the multivariate Edgeworth expansion to parametric families of densities of statistics which need not be standardized sums of independent and identically distributed vectors. These extensions permit the treatment of problems arising in time series analysis. The technique is used by J. Durbin (1980) to obtain approximations to the densities of partial serial correlation coefficients.     

Likelihood ratio tests for model selection of stochastic frontier models

An important issue when conducting stochastic frontier analysis is how to choose a proper parametric model, which includes choices of the functional form of the frontier function, distributions of the composite errors, and also the exogenous variables. In this paper, we extend the likelihood ratio test of Vuong, Econometrica 57(2):307–333, (1989) and Takeuchi’s, Suri-Kagaku (Math Sci) 153:12–18, (1976) model selection criterion to the stochastic frontier models. The most attractive feature of this test is that it can not only be used for testing a non-nested model, but also still be applicable even when the general model is misspecified. Finally, we also demonstrate how to apply this test to the Indian farm data used by Battese and Coelli, J Prod Anal 3:153–169, (1992), Empir Econ 20(2):325–332, (1995) and Alvarez et al., J Prod Anal 25:201–212, (2006).     

Multilevel IRT models for the analysis of satisfaction for distance learning during the Covid-19 pandemic

The Covid-19 pandemic played a relevant role in the diffusion of distance learning alternatives to “traditional” learning based on classroom activities, to allow university students to continue attending lessons during the most severe phases of the pandemic. In such a context, investigating the students' perspective on distance learning provides useful information to stakeholders to improve effective educational strategies, which could be useful also after the end of the emergency to favor the digital transformation in the higher educational setting.Here we focus on the satisfaction in distance learning for Italian university students. We rely on data comprising students enrolled in various Italian universities, which were inquired about several aspects related to learning distance.We explicitly take into account the hierarchical nature of data (i.e., students nested in universities) and the latent nature of the variable of interest (i.e., students' learning satisfaction) through a multilevel Item Response Theory model with students' and universities' covariates.As the main results of our study, we find out that distance learning satisfaction of students: (i) depends on the University where they study; (ii) is affected by some students' socio-demographic characteristics, among which psychological factors related to Covid-19; (iii) is affected by some observable university characteristics.     

Informativeness of experiments for MEU—A recursive definition

The well-known Blackwell theorem states the equivalence of statistical informativeness and economic valuableness. Çelen (2012) generalizes this theorem, which is well-known for subjective expected utility (seu), to maxmin expected utility (meu) preferences. We demonstrate that the underlying definition of the value of information used in Çelen (2012) is in contradiction with the principle of recursively defined utility. As a consequence, Çelen’s framework features dynamic inconsistency. Our main contribution consists in the definition of a value of information for meupreferences that is compatible with recursive utility and thus respects dynamic consistency.     

Consistency of some tests for multivariate normality

Summary We prove that the tests of Cs?rgő (1986) and of Baringhaus and Henze (1988) for multivariate normality, both based on the empirical characteristic function, are consistent. Work partially supported by the Hungarian National Foundation for Scientific Research, Grants No. 1808/86 and 457/88.     

Towards a framework for the elicitation of dilemmas

This paper covers the main findings of the doctoral research that was concerned with seeking to extend aspects of dilemma theory. In professional practice, the Trompenaars Hampden-Turner Dilemma Reconciliation Process^TM is a vehicle delivering dilemma theory in application. It informs a manager or leader on how to explore the dilemmas they face, how to reconcile the tensions that result, and how to structure the action steps for implementing the reconciled solutions. This vehicle forms the professional practice of the author who seeks to bring more rigor to consulting practice and thereby also contribute to theory development in the domain. The critical review of dilemma theory reveals that previous authors are inconsistent and variously invalid in their use of the terms ‘dilemma theory,’ ‘dilemma methodology,’ ‘dilemma process,’ ‘dilemma reconciliation,’ etc., and therefore an attempt is made to resolve these inconsistencies by considering whether ‘dilemmaism’ at the meta-level might be positioned as a new paradigm of inquiry for (management) research that embodies ontological, epistemological, and methodical premises that frame an approach to the resolution of real world business problems in (multi) disciplinary; (multi) functional and (multi) cultural business environments. This research offers contributions to knowledge, professional practice and theory development from the exploration of the SPID model as a way to make the elicitation of dilemmas more rigorous and structured and in the broader context of exploring ‘dilemmaism’ as a new paradigm of inquiry.     

Zipf's Law for Cities and Beyond: The Case of Denmark

Zipf's law for cities is one of the most conspicuous and robust empirical facts in the social sciences. It says that for most countries, the size distribution of cities must fit the power law: the number of cities with populations greater than S is inversely proportional to S. The present paper answers three questions related to Zipf's law: (1) does the Danish case refute Zipf's law for cities?, (2) what are the implications of Zipf's law for models of local growth?, and (3) do we have a Zipf's law for firms? Based on empirical data on the 61 largest Danish cities for year 2000, the answer to (1) is NO—the Danish case is not the exception which refutes Zipf's law. The consideration of (2) then leads to an empirical test of (3). The question of the existence of Zipf's law for firms is tested on a sample of 14,541 Danish production companies (the total population for 1997 with 10 employees or more). Based on the empirical evidence, the answer to (3) is YES in the sense that the growth pattern of Danish production companies follows a clean rank‐size distribution consistent with Zipf's law.     

Construction of Exact Simultaneous Confidence Bands for a Simple Linear Regression Model

A simultaneous confidence band provides a variety of inferences on the unknown components of a regression model. There are several recent papers using confidence bands for various inferential purposes; see for example, Sun et al. (1999) , Spurrier (1999) , Al‐Saidy et al. (2003) , Liu et al. (2004) , Bhargava & Spurrier (2004) , Piegorsch et al. (2005) and Liu et al. (2007) . Construction of simultaneous confidence bands for a simple linear regression model has a rich history, going back to the work of Working & Hotelling (1929) . The purpose of this article is to consolidate the disparate modern literature on simultaneous confidence bands in linear regression, and to provide expressions for the construction of exact 1 ?α level simultaneous confidence bands for a simple linear regression model of either one‐sided or two‐sided form. We center attention on the three most recognized shapes: hyperbolic, two‐segment, and three‐segment (which is also referred to as a trapezoidal shape and includes a constant‐width band as a special case). Some of these expressions have already appeared in the statistics literature, and some are newly derived in this article. The derivations typically involve a standard bivariate t random vector and its polar coordinate transformation.     

Coordinating for Integrated Youth Care: The need for smart metagovernance

Abstract

Integrated youth care (IYC) requires co-ordination between many (semi-)autonomous actors, which can be achieved with a collaborative governance regime (CGR). Smart metagovernance by central government is imperative herein, choosing the mix of metagovernance roles at the right time for the issue at hand. Using a single case study of IYC in Flanders (Belgium), this article shows how important and difficult metagovernance is. Framing, designing, managing and participating in a CGR requires metagovernors to know when to allow for autonomy and dialogue, and when to use the ‘shadow of hierarchy’.     

Generalized gauss-chebyshev inequalities for unimodal distributions

Letg be an even function on ℝ which is nondecreasing in |x|. Letk be a positive constant. Sharp inequalities relatingP(|X|≥k) toEg(X) are obtained for random variablesX which are unimodal with mode 0, and for random variablesX which are unimodal with unspecified mode. The bounds in the mode 0 case generalize an inequality due to Gauss (1823), whereg(x)=x ². The bounds in the second case generalize inequalities of Vysochanskiĭ and Petunin (1980, 1983) and Dharmadhikari and Joag-dev (1985).     

Further results for the double ended queue

Summary For the double ended queue involving taxis and customers at a taxi-stand (Kashyap, 1965 a; b) the probabilities that (i) only taxis are waiting and (ii) only customers are waiting have been investigated by the use of Laplace transform. The L.T.s of the mean queue lengths of taxis and of customers are also obtained. The arrivals of taxis and customers are taken as general and Poisson respectively. The supplementary variable technique (Syski, 1960) has been used.     

Operational models for epidemics of problematic drug use: the Mover-Stayer approach to heterogeneity

A modified version of a susceptibles-infectives-removed (S-I-R) model for the HIV/AIDS epidemic, proposed at the beginning of the 1990s and recently generalized, is presented to mirror the epidemics of problematic drug use. The generalized model, which belongs to the susceptibles-infectives-susceptibles (S-I-S) class of epidemic models, can be used both to estimate interesting epidemic macro-parameters and to make scenario analyses. The model is a compartmental Mover-Stayer-type structure (Soc. Methods Res. 11 (1983) 345; Bull. Narcotics LIII (1-2) (2001) 39; Biometrics 55(4) (1999) 1252; Math. Biosci. 107 (1991) 521) and allows taking into account possible heterogeneous behaviours of the susceptibles. Such models, in fact, consider the susceptible population as subdivided into two main groups: the group of stayers, that is, the group of individuals who are considered not at risk of “infection”, and the group of movers (possibly divided into sub-groups with different risk behaviour) who are at risk of infection. Due to the interactions between infectious individuals and the susceptibles, some of these may pass to the drug user compartments and begin a “drug user career”. The model is presented and studied from a qualitative point of view using a Markov hybrid approximation. Some qualitative evaluation of the possible impact of interventions directed both towards susceptibles (primary prevention) and towards users (secondary prevention and/or law enforcement) are presented. Specific “what if” scenario analyses are obtained by simulation. Possible future developments are outlined.     

Business Strategies of Incumbents in the Market for Electric Vehicles: Opportunities and Incentives for Sustainable Innovation

This paper focuses on the relation between large car manufacturers’ incentive and opportunity to innovate and their electric vehicle (EV) business strategies. We analyze how environmental regulation and the firm's incentive (measured by net income) and opportunity to innovate (measured by EV asset position, determined from a combination of patent, partnership and prototype data) affected EV sales over the period 1990–2011. During the EV's R&D period in the 1990s, large car manufacturers that were regulated by the full zero emission vehicle mandate developed a significantly stronger EV asset position, but did not sell significantly more EVs than their rivals. During the EV's commercialization period (2007–2011), large car manufacturers with both a strong incentive and a strong opportunity to innovate sold significantly more EVs. Based on these results, the paper offers a typology of business strategies, several managerial implications, and recommendations for policy makers to stimulate sustainable development. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment     

The effects of diversity on sexual harassment: Some recommendations for research

This article speculates about some of the possible effects of increasing organizational diversity upon sexual harassment, and suggests some potential research opportunities and directions. Discussion and research recommendations center around the following aspects of sexual harassment: (1) antecedents of harassment; (2) behaviors exhibited; (3) perceptions of behaviors; (4) immediate reactions of harassees; and (5) longer-term individual and organizational outcomes of sexual harassment.